How many of you love cats and would like one?

I hope this speech will help you become sane and understand the craftiness in a feline. But for those who already own one I am sorry but all hope has been lost. I am here to talk to you about a club that I am truly committed to. It is called CHOW. I doubt many of you have ever heard of it but it stands for Cat. Haters. Of. The. World. Cats are the most selfish, evil eyed, greedy, filthy things in the world. What do you think cats are sitting around lazing around for? They are coming up with ideas on how to trick the owner and steal food if not how to kill Barack Obama and become the first evil eyed monster to become the president and who would be the first lady. They are cunning creatures who think they own the world. Well let me tell you now; they don't. Have you ever endured the aggravation that is given by a cat when it imitates what you do? Well I have done so many times seeing as there are about sixteen cats in the awful household next door no wait the parasites have also invaded my doorstep and under my dad's car, my garage and my roof. I mean these killers have left their fresh kill under our porch doormat to stop it being taken away by my old neighbour. The squeaking and the squishy, mushy feeling that is created on every step taken by myself isn't pleasant seeing as two weeks later my sister had revealed the horrors of the dark side that lay beneath our door mat. It will never be normal again. Having seen all that sticky oozy blood I can never step foot on that step ever again. Surely an old man of about ninety years old should be caring for his own health than his devil cats. Has he not discovered the real truth behind these supposedly â€Å"cute babies†. Approximately seventy percent of the Earth sees the reality behind the black fur and the huge eye sockets with coloured eyes. Some may say I have missed the fact that they do not harm, yet have you realised that they are in fact associated with witches. In fact there is a black cat who tries to pounce at me every time I try to throw a bag at it. As you may or not know I throw like a chicken so I don't really understand what the cat tries to do but I can tell you that it is not normal. Don't worry I have checked to make sure that no one is watching. It does not help that I am allergic to them but their really big eyes scare me. Once upon a time in a house in a town called Wembley, I watching TV and eating chips when an overweight obscure tomcat came and sat on the same scarlet coloured sofa as me. I had not realised until my sister had went into the dining room screaming.

Additonal Needs, unit 26 Essay

There are three different types of additional needs, these three are: Physical, cognitive and sensory. The reason why people experience additional needs are: Genetic, environmental/accidents- such as: sickness or disease. A physical need is something that affected individuals in a physical way, such as: Dwarfism affects people physically since it can be harder for them to do certain physical things the same as somebody who doesn’t suffer from a physical additional need. A cognitive need is something that affects individual’s intectually – the brain. This can be caused by a lot of things such as: environment and genetics etc. Lastly a sensory need affects a person’s senses, such as: hearing, touch, sight and smell. Physical need: Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy affects a child’s movement and coordination and that why it is a physical additional need. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain, which usually occurs before, during or soon after birth. Known possible causes of cerebral palsy include: premature birth or bleeding in the baby’s brain. There are also many different types of cerebral palsy that can affect a child, for example: (Athetoid (dyskinetic) Cerebral Palsy and Ataxic Cerebral Palsy. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay http://www.scope.org.uk/help-and-information/cerebral-palsy/further-info-on-cp) (It is also estimated that 1 in every 400 children in the UK is affected by cerebral palsy. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cerebralpalsy1.shtml). Unfortunately there is no cure for Cerebral Palsy but there is a wide range of treatments to help relieve the service user. Lastly cerebral palsy is not genetic since it happens during or just after pregnancy. Having cerebral palsy may affect an individual’s development since: individuals may suffer with muscle stiffness, and this could affect a person’s physical development since they may not be able to run around or carry out physical activities with their peers. A person with Cerebral Palsy could suffer with speech problems, and this could affect the person’s social development, this is because they may have low confidence with their ability to speak, and they may think that other people may find it hard to understand them, and ultimately could affect their social development. These are just a few things I have discussed that could affect a person who has Cerebral palsy.

Graduation speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graduation speech - Essay Example It is indeed unavoidable and pleasing to see how we all gained skills over that period we were in school. I invite you to look back to our first day in campus: we were the same but distinct; we were shorter, young and probably uncertain about ourselves. Similar to almost everyone, I arrived at this university anxious and wide-eyed. I also felt endangered by fittings on the compass with loud voices and opinions, and wondered I would cope and survive. As we look back this day on a journey, a journey that commenced with tentative and hesitant steps, we just observe how far we all have advanced. It was a privilege to be part of this journey and this institution. To my wonderful tutors, I would like to salute each and every one of you. You all guided, shaped and molded not only me, but also all the ladies and gentlemen standing here today. Your role has been immensely contributory in molding us. Though your painstaking efforts may waste away or be forgotten. We will always recall all of you for helping us, caring for us, and making us feel special and appreciated for all the time you spend teaching us. It is the excellent coaching styles that have assisted us to enormously accomplish our journey at the University. Indeed, school would have been challenging. I am undeniably grateful for your advice, guidance, and tutelage. I greatly appreciate your generosity and commitment with your time to help me with my studies and projects. I am grateful for believing in me and allowing me to continue believing in myself. I hope to emulate the goodwill and kindness that you all have shown us in our journey through the university. To my beloved husband and family, I am here as a testimony of your love, reassurance and support. You held my hand and supported me through my decisions to complete my undergraduate studies. Surely, I would not have lived to see this day without your support and flexibility. Your support during this

What do you understand by the network society How has the network Essay

What do you understand by the network society How has the network society changed the ways in which we work and interact - Essay Example In essence globalization emerged with national boundaries becoming porous. Gradually, people began to view themselves as a ‘global village’ national and geographic boundaries began to disappear, and work began to have no distinction of time, space or organizational hierarchy in the information society (Malamud 1997). Through network society, Information, Communication Technology (ICTS) have come up with numerous social, political and economic phenomena, a term that emerged from various theorists to explain a society that is connected by mass and telecommunication networks. Additionally, the ICTs demonstrate a society as a transformation era from an industrial age to an information age, which is central to the working of the economy. This enables annihilation of space and facilitates globalization. Of importance to note is that, network society is a global network that has led to decentralization of organization from vertical hierarchies to horizontal corporations. Large corporations decentralize themselves as networks of semi-autonomous units (Barney 2004) In a network society there exist a network economy, which acts as a new, efficient form of organization of production, distribution and management that facilitates substantial increase in productivity growth rate especially in the United States and related countries that have adopted these new forms of economic organization. In fact, many businesses have increasingly adopted a virtual approach to work space. This situation has led to evolution of business into a large organization a network that contains workforce that is distributed over diverse locations and time zones. These working forms have continually created new cultures and forms of belonging, over and above, gaining identity (Nikravesh 2004). Social Networking In light of the network society, social network has enormously contributed to a global village as would be expected. Essentially, social networking incorporates informal, transien t forms of association such as gossip flow, mobilization of social movements and political movements with the inclusion of maintenance of patron -client relations, known or unknown to each other. Besides, social networking incorporates individuals or groups who are liked by a common bond, shared social status, similar or shared functions, as well as, geographic and cultural connection. Needless to mention, social networking as web based services that give individuals to generate a public or semi public profile that is within a bounded system. It further articulates a list of users with whom they share a connection over and above being able to see what has been generated by other users in the system (Dijk 2012). As part of the information age, social networking lays its focus building online communities of people who have share interests, or are interested in searching the interest of others. Such sites include facebook, my space, twitter among others. Communication in social net wor king includes instant messaging, email, blogging and many more. This makes it easier to maintain ties simultaneously with several people, a situation that would not be possible without the presence of ICTs. In workplaces, social networking has been rated as one among the technologies that have significantly led to business development in the twenty-first century. As a result of this, maintaining professional networking has become crucial to businesses in relation to project and teamwork. For instance, those organisations that have invested in social networking

The Emerge of Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Emerge of Islam - Research Paper Example This resulted to civilization because it benefited the regions around for prosperity. It is arguable that the success of Islam in Palestine and Egypt is attributable to the effective administration that the Arabs employed in their conquered states. Religious accommodations largely influenced Islam in the ancient period thus establishing an empire that eventually spread to Egypt and Palestine among other countries. Egypt, for instance, since the beginning of the 700 A.D., embraced Islam to help define different features of its institutions and infrastructure. (Emon et al, p. 323). Additionally, Islam in Egypt found a public role in shaping the masses’ thinking and doctrines to aid them during the decision making periods. This was notable with the popularity of Islam amongst peasants and uneducated religious preachers in the rural areas unlike in the urban regions mostly inhabited by upper and upper middle class Muslims. According to these upper class Muslims, religion was a pri vate affair. In this perspective, it was upon the person to identify effective ways of supplicating before Allah. However, this negative attitude did not stop the rise of Islamic religious revival movements in the country. The movements eventually transcended class lines because they acted as a unifying factor in facing challenges such as inequality, poverty and oppression among others. By permitting women to receive education and conduct business unlike for Christians, Islam thrived immensely and affirmed its Empire in Egypt and Palestine among other states. Ancient and Historical Mosques found in Egypt. It is crucial to highlight of Arab unity that helped Muslims challenge the surrounding empires. The initial Islamic caliphs viewed conquests as a means of deflecting their control out of Arabia. There were powerful motives that transcended mere need for having new converts. Both the Persian and Byzantine Empire were strategic for attack, but the Persian Empire was an easier option. A powerful monarchy controlled the empire and suppressed the powerful occupants. The authorities instituted an imperial religion, Zoroastrianism, which attracted limited enthusiasm from the populace. The Arabs experienced limited resistance from the empire and this enabled the armies to oust all the emperors by 650 CE. The Byzantine Empire, in Egypt and Palestine, faced limited resistance from the subtle Christians. Furthermore, the Arabs possessed a special ability in naval wars. Islam’s development built an inherent strategy of uprooting civilizations (Roald and Longva, p. 63). The Romans and Greeks had helped entrench formidable political, economic, and cultural elements. For instance, in the Palestinian coasts, the Greek civilization was deeply rooted. These places were instrumental in the conquests’ struggle as the Arabs rose against the Byzantines. Gaza is a notable as an instrumental place in this struggle since it helped connect Palestine and Egypt (Hugh 88). Due to its strategic economic location, it became a major target for the conquering Islam forces. The conquests strove to retain the classical economic gains. After the defeat of the Byzantine forces at Yarmuk, the military triumph helped inspire

Alzheimer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alzheimer - Essay Example The results also explain the various findings of the study as related to the possible factors that contributed to the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease: use of anesthetics, neurotic personalities or an inability to handle and manage stress, the occurrence of obesity, incidence of depression, and physical inactivity. The discussion gives detailed effects that the disease brings to the people as well as their complications. Finally, the conclusion gives the recommendations and additional information concerning the management of the disease. The problem of the research relates to the people affected by the disease and at what age. The effects the disease creates on the affected individuals, the economy, and the government. In recent years, over 5 million Americans were suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. After attaining the age of 60, most people started to show symptoms of the disease. This could mean that the risk of being infected increases with age. Younger individuals could also get the disease, but on rare occasions. It is important for people to determine their risk factors, in order to prevent themselves from acquiring the disease. This is because other researchers project that the number of infections could rise significantly in the future (Wimo & prince, 2010). The paper shows that age is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease is analyzed and its fatality rate. The disease affects the caregivers psychologically. It is costly for the government to provide medication and treatment services to the infected person. The disease infects a large number of older women as compared to men. The paper discusses the physical effects of the disease in the elderly. Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain in a progressive manner. It could be fatal for the cells of the brain. It interferes with the memory capacity of the brain and affects the normal thinking of a person. If the affected

Law and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law and Behavior - Essay Example The emphasis is on law, with the psychologists being used by the lawyers to enhance their operations. For instance if it is claimed that the person who has been accused is mentally unstable, the psychologist will be asked to give his expert opinion on this. He or she will have to carry out an analysis including psychological tests so as to come up with a conclusion on the person's mental state. A criminal lawyer can use the theories of psychology so as to enhance his or her trial strategy (Ogloff and Schuller 1998). The main focus is on how the legal system can prepare and adapt to the inclusion of psychologists in the law and in the legal system. The psychologists should also find ways of changing their work so as to meet the needs and requirements of the legal system. Forensic psychologists have used it for a long period of time in the United States and it is only recently that the lawyers acknowledged their relevance in the execution of justice (Kapardis 2003). Psychology and law interrelate in many ways and can benefit each other. Psychology can give better understanding of the behavior of criminals and sometimes it can show how a person can be rehabilitated. Psychologists may help the criminal lawyers because they assist in the selection of people who are suitable for acting as the jury. They are also a part of the analysis and presentation of evidence and arguments brought to the courts. Such matters like criminal law, procedures, insanity defense, decreased capacity, competency for trial relies a lot on the contributions of a qualified psychologist. The execution of law has been improved largely by the work of psychologists (Sherman & Hoffman 2007). Law and Psychology are two fields that have various contrasting fundamentals. According to Ogloff and Schuller, law is stare deices, while psychology is based on creativity. In law there are past cases and precedents, which are used as a foundation for the development of the legal arguments. The judges even make the rulings according to the legal precedents that were made years before. In contrast, the model adopted in psychology is one of innovation and creativity. Thus psychologists are encouraged to use new ways and ideas in their research and in dealing with their patients (Ogloff and Schuller 1998). While law is hierarchical, psychology is empirical. The decisions in the legal system are hierarchical and authoritative. The lower courts are constrained by the rulings of the higher courts. On the other hand, psychology is the accumulation of consistent and supporting data. The data derived is used to confirm whether a claim or position is valid or not. It is not based on an authoritative statement. (Ogloff and Schuller 1998) The law is reliant on the adversarial methods but psychology is dependant on experimental techniques. To reach the truth, in law, conflicting viewpoints are presented with each side putting forward its best case. Prejudice and egotism are intrinsic part of law and they are both allowable and encouraged as the best procedures. Psychologists arrive at the truth by trying to understand a certain incident through the use of data gathering techniques. They try to reduce the bias and

Date Rape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Date Rape - Essay Example While majority of date rape victims are women, men can still fall victims to such violation. The rape need not occur during a date, and such things happen even among married couples. It is in fact a bothering estimate of â€Å"14-30% of all adult women have been raped or experienced attempted rape† (Burgess & Burpo, 2012, p.749). It is even more bothering that college-aged women make up the largest share of this percentage. Furthermore, it is not comfortable to know that â€Å"84% of rape survivors knew their assailants† (Burgess & Burpo, 2012, p.749). The staggering number of date rape incidence and all the factors surrounding it such as misconceptions, social stigma, and abuse and misuse of drugs and alcohol should be prevented in order to correct any erroneous beliefs, remove social stigma that silences the victims, and educate other people on the effects of substance abuse and misuse to eventually lessen the incidences of date rape. Interesting Facts 71% of rapes ar e planned or premeditated. Women are the ones most likely to be vulnerable when spending time along with a man. One of the major problems of date rape is that majority of the effects are unseen or even unheard. This means that many incidents may have been left unreported. It is said that less than 5% of college women who are victims of date rape report the incident to the authorities. However, around two-thirds of these victims confide into someone about their ordeal. In another study, 40% of these college-aged victims do not report the date rape because of fear for reprisal or social stigma (Sampson, 2002, p.4). One report states, â€Å"30% of respondents said a woman is partially or totally responsible for being raped if she was drunk† (Grubb & Harrower, 2009, p.63). Furthermore, in a large study, it is reported that 22.8% of college rape victims already experienced some form of sexual assault before. There is also a possibility of that serial rapists are common among date rapists, for there is a report saying that 96 males were responsible for 187 incidences of rapes (Sampson, 2012, p.10). The numbers continue to shock when a National Survey on Drug Use and Health reports that 75% of male students and 55% of female students had been drinking alcohol or taking drugs before the date rape. Considering the fact that most date rapes are unreported, there is still an average of 25% females who are reported to be victims of date rape. Passive and Active Causes Misconceptions, social stigma, and abuse and misuse of drugs and alcohol should be looked into as major components of this horrific violence against women, mainly. One, some people have particular prejudice, false beliefs, and even stereotypes about rape, rapists, and rape victims. For example, it is a widespread idea that a woman’s dress may provoke a man to be sexually aggressive. There may also be incidences when flirting may be misinterpreted as interest in having sex. There are also gender ed social roles that makes one think men should pursue women, and that women should be passive and unassertive. Men might erroneously think that women expect aggression or compulsion in sexual acts. Worsening these misconceptions is the lack of knowledge. According to Burgess & Burpo (2012), there is a: number of women who have experienced events that meet the legal definition of rape, but fail to describe these events as rape;

Impact of Technology Essay Example for Free

Impact of Technology Essay Every day we cannot live without technology. We wake up in the morning, we take a bath, we have breakfast, we do our daily activities, and all are affected by something called technology. From the simplest form of it until the most complex one, technology filled our daily life. The famous phrase Information Technology of course is one of the forms of technology. Before we continue talking about technology, we must know its definition. Shortly, technology is something related to science and engineering, which is used by the human or other creatures in dealing with their environment, to make their life easier. The technology develops fast. From the ancient age to the modern age, there are billions of its products that have made our life easier. In prehistoric age, the ancient human created the tools made of stone. They also invented the wheel, which is very important to the next centuries. Imagine that there weren’t any invention of wheel. We must give a lot of energy to move our goods from one place to another. Many centuries later, there are a lot of important inventions for human’s life, such as the invention of telephone. Using it, we may communicate through long distances. And the latest technology which has given many changes to the world and is still being developed is the information technology. The development of technology gives some impacts to human beings and the other creatures. The positive impact is, it makes our life easier. Without the inventions of technology, I think we would live our lives just like the prehistoric men did. Technology, just like the other things in this world, also has negative impacts. I’ll give you three examples. First, technology takes out the filters, like social filter, cultural filter, and religious filter. We can see in Internet technology. Internet is a medium in which no filter and censorship. Without parental guidance, your children may consume inappropriate materials from the Internet. The second one is the decrease of your social skills. Too much usage of technology makes you more antisocial. In the past, children used to play traditional games with their friends outside the house. But now they prefer playing video games in their own room, all by themselves. The easy access of technology also makes you too dependent to it. In the past, our people had more memorizing skills. They had to memorize things, because there was no tool to use to record things, except notebooks (the original phrase of notebook, not the portable computer). But nowadays, by using the computer, you can save any information you want in its memory to retrieve it in another day. In advance, by using the Internet connection, you may search any information you need through any search engine like Google, Yahoo, Altavista instantly. Dealing with those negative impacts, what can we do? First, we must be aware of them. We must be aware that technology could also cause bad things. After that, we must give the people knowledge of those negative impacts and how to deal with them. The government also has to do some actions about this. They must give some regulations relating with the press and the media. It is just need to be done to protect our society, not to restrain the press. And then, to increase the social skills, we must create the real community; build the real network, makes friends in the real world, of course not in the cyber world. By doing that, it will take us back to our nature as social creatures.

The literature concerning Essay Example for Free

The literature concerning Essay The literature concerning welfare rights movement at least in the 1960s can be characterized by the growing cry to bring radical positive changes in the welfare system of the United States. For these scholars, the current welfare system of the United States is producing a new form of inequality despite the resources that it is providing to the poor. The current system of welfare which is limited and somehow rigid had failed to erase the problem on poverty. In this sense, these scholars are providing a new light in solving the problem on welfare and its effectiveness. Numerous scholars like Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven had argued for the radical extension and expansion of the current welfare system of the United States. For them, the existing system of welfare which is rigid and limited had failed to really help and provide assistance for the poor. The system of welfare that existed is somehow impotent in nature in relation to its capacity to erase poverty. What they are recommending is a radical change in the system that will allow more people that eligible for welfare to be subsisted on it. They also argue for an increase in amount of welfare that will not just feed the people subsisting it but will also allow them to move forward in the hierarchy that will enable them to prosper at least domestically. This can also be related to the situation of minimum wage. Minimum wage are kept at bay not on the basis of economic sustenance or company stability. Rather, wages are kept low for the workers and employees not to really prosper to come up to a point that can rise and leave their jobs. The era of individual pursuit of interest had proved to be inadequate in easing poverty among Americans. Though there are real and concrete examples of people escaping poverty on the basis of their individual merits and actions, the other people who failed to move up in the hierarchy should also be taken to consideration. The system should not just support the exceptional people who can manage to rise. Rather than providing individual reforms, what must be embrace are collective terms of actions that will provide a fertile ground for groups of people to grow and prosper. This is comparable with labor unions that push reforms, benefits and wage hikes not on the basis of individual levels but on the basis and scope of the group. For these scholars, this is the way to go if we are really aiming for the problem of poverty to be solved. References Blumer pp. 303-306 Cloward, R. Piven, F. (1966) The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty. Common Dreams. Web. Accessed. 10 August 2010. Retrieved from [http://www. commondreams. org/headline/2010/03/24-4] OConner, pp. 158-169 Spitzer pp. 112-115

Power And Control In The Family

Power And Control In The Family Power is defined as the ability to exercise control. Control therefore is not feeling vulnerable and having charge over a thing in order to get things done. Power is to act, think, behave, feel and believe. Control is the expression of commands, demands, directives, orders and requests, as to how I am to act, think, behave, feel and believe. THE POWER AND CONTROL THEORY. Power-control theory begins with the assumption that mothers constitute the primary agents of socialization in the family. In households in which the mother and father have relatively similar levels of power at work, balanced households, mothers will be less likely to differentially exert control upon their Daughters. Thus, in balanced households, both sons and daughters will have similar levels of control placed upon them, leading them to develop similar attitudes regarding the risks and benefits of engaging in deviant behaviour. This line of reasoning suggests that balanced households will experience fewer gender differences in deviant behaviour. Power-control theorists further assume that households in which mothers and fathers have dissimilar levels of power in the work place, so-called unbalanced households, are more patriarchal in their attitudes regarding gender roles. Power-control theory states that relative power in the workplace conditions patterns of parental control of c hildren in two-parent families, resulting in gender differences in rates of no serious delinquency. INEQUALITIES IN THE FAMILY In 1973, Young and Wilmott claimed that the traditional segregated division of labour in the home is breaking down. The conjugal relationship in the middle class is becoming either joint or symmetrical which is leading to egalitarian marriage. There are many ways by which there is inequality in power and control family that should be looked at but following was stated as the major ways by which the division of labour in the house is breaking down. Household task and childcare in the family is the duty of the mother. Feminist argue that this task is not supposed to be the major duty of the wife, they believe that this task should be shared among the wife and husband as they both own the child and they both live in the same house. Survey on housework and child care suggest that men today are more involved in domestic task than their fathers and grandfathers, women also have to do the majority of the housework and child care even when they have a full time job that cannot be neglected because of the society view on power and control in the family as women being the ones to do the work and men been the breadwinner. Time survey 2005 by et al.(2006)discovered that the women in paid work spend 21hours of their time doing household chores compared to men who spend 12hours of their time doing the same thing. Some British Household Panel Survey (2001) suggested that some household chores are still done by the women as the males find it really threatening to engage in household chores because they believe that doing it risks their role as the head and breadwinner of the family. Women are also responsible for the physical and emotional well being of their family at the expense of their own. Decision making is another aspect of inequality in power and control in the family, in the middle class families where there is a patriarchal view on the family, major decision making such as where to live, what house to buy are mostly shouldered on the husband this is because the traditional view on the power and control in such families still exist there where the husband is the head of the family and he has to be the one to make major decisions in the family. Some men believe that major decision making such as if they are ready to have children or if the wife should stay at home should be made by them as they are the bread winner of the family. Fatherhood is another area of power and control in the family. Most families today are single families where there is only one person to do the housework and childcare. The new right critique of one parent families is that they lack fathers, suggested that children that grow up in such way are less likely to be socialized into the culture of discipline and compromise found in nuclear families and they may end up been less successful parents. This is because such children lack an authoritative figure and there is nobody to turn to in time of crisis. This lack of authoritative figure or someone to watch over them increases social problems such as teenage pregnancy, drug use because they have been influenced by their peer groups. Furthermore, the difference between the fathers of 1990à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s and 1960à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cannot be underestimated. This is so because the fathers of 1990à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s are more involved in teh l ife of their children than their fathers and are taking active roles un the emotional development of their children. Beck (1992)notes that in the post modern age men no longer look to their jobs to give them a sense of identity and purpose but they now look up to their children to give them that. In this study of fatherhood, teenage children, fathers and mothers agreed that fathers should still be the breadwinner of the family despite the employment and family life changes and that women are experts at parenting. However, it is important not to overweight the importance of men role in child care this is because it is the main responsibility of the mother to look after the child rather that jointly shared with the father, most fathers would like to spend more time with their children but due to the work pressure and long working hours are unable to do so. Womenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s participation in the labour market has been limited by their domestic responsibility. Due to their various domestic responsibility, only very few women have careers. Feminist also went further by saying that it is only the males that have careers but a lot of women only have jobs as a result of this, most employers find women unreliable because of the family commitments and they are unable to get same access to promotion and work training like the men. Morden marriages do not appear as equal as the functionalist see it rather women are at a great disadvantage, based on the criteria so far. Who has more power and control in the family? Before we can discuss this it is important to know that it is not a very definite thing to say who has more control in the family but we have to look at the family or marriage system. For example if the family is egalitarian in nature or not. Therefore we will be able to decide who has more power and control based on the nature of the family The following can be seen as the three major family natures. It can be an egalitarian family where both partners share the same responsibilities, or a patriarchal family where the traditional view on who holds power in the family still exist and a lone parent family that is either the father or the mother as the head. EGALITARIAN FAMILIES. The power and control in these families are usually a shared responsibility, so child care and house care are the responsibility of both partners as they both have full time jobs. Therefore major decision making is also what they both decide to do. In this type of family, Households in which husbands and wives share equal levels of power are considered balanced and therefore less patriarchal. Therefore, it can be concluded that in families like this , the two partners have equal right and duties in both child care and housework and other aspect of the family life where there is possible division of labour. PARTRIACHAL FAMILIES There is the traditional view of power and control in this type of family. This family can be majorly seen among the middle class family. The power and control of the family lies in the hand of the father as the breadwinner and he is the one that tackles any necessary decision that needs to be taken. The major responsibility of the wife/mother is to do the house work and it is therefore very important for her to do her duties. Feminists argues that this type of structure is not equal as the mother ends up doing the most work especially if she has a full time job. LONE-PARENTS FAMILIES The issue of power and control in this type of family is solely in the hand of who is has the child custody. Therefore it is the duty of the single father or mother to see to the affairs of the household and childcare in every way possible. Single mothers (and fathers for that matter) must contend with a variety of power struggles in their daily lives, such as the continued existence of the noncustodial parent in child-rearing and decision making [i.e., single parents who must rely on child-support payments or are limited in decision-making power because the non-custodial parent has partial custody], the potential involvement of the state [i.e., single mothers or single fathers who are jobless and must rely on the state for monies], as well as power differentials at work. VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY. One of the most important aspects of power in the family is also domestic violence. This type of violence is one done behind closed doors where the man exercises his power over the woman through the use of physical power by either beating or harassing. This is the most common type of violence as it is done behind closed doors and it has no witness of it taking place apart from the victim. In the year 2008/09, the British Crime Survey recorded a total of 293,000 recorded domestic violence. In any one year, there are 13 million separate incidents of physical violence or threats of violence against women from partners or Former partners. (Walby and Allen, 2004). Also the British Crime Survey said women are more likely to suffer domestic violence rather than the men, this figures might be underestimated because not all crimes are reported by the victims majorly because they are afraid of the repercussion or they feel they may not be taken seriously better still they feel they can change their partners and they continue to suffer in silence. It is not only the women that do suffer domestic violence even the men do but out of 90% of recorded domestic violence, 10% are does suffered by the men. Feminist suggest that domestic violence is as a result of patriarchy. This indicates that because of this, men tend to exercise their power over the women probably out of frustration or their anxiety over maintaining their role as the head of the family. THEORITICAL EXPLANATION ON THE INEQUALIIES OF POWER AND CONTROL IN THE FAMILY. FUNTIONALIST see the sexual division of labour in the family as biologically inevitable. They see it has been in the gene of a woman to be more caring than the man and are more emotional than the man. FEMINIST this particular set of theorists see the power of men in the family as declining why because women have made a really progress in term of equality and they believe that men are already adapting to this change although they believe that women are not strong enough in terms of attitudes and behaviour, the future hold a movement of domestic and economic equality. MARXISTS. See the housewife roles as serving the needs of capitalism as this maintains the present workforce and produces labour power for the future However, these theories have been criticised based on the fact that most of them did not look at every society that women roles vary in all societies. Feminist underestimate the degree of power that some women enjoy, the women ability to make rational choices have been underestimated by the feminist point of view. CONCLUSION. For long power in the family has been seen as a very large topic that has been argued and debated over time, but before the conclusion can be made that either the male or female has more power or control in the family. We have taken a look at the inequalities in the family and can conclude the female gender is at a great disadvantage when it comes to this. Not only have we looked at this, we have also looked at who has more power in the family based on the different family structures. Family domestic violence has also been looked at and we ca n see from the above analysis that domestic violence is also a way by which power is exercised in the family. Furthermore, different theoretical view on the inequalities in the family has been looked at and also how these theories have also been criticized. Power and control therefore is a topic that has helped to understand how the family structure is like and the level of equality in the family.

Essay --

Nicole Ivgui Criminology Ms. Kovat December 13th, 2013 Is Solitary Confinement Unconstitutional? Solitary Confinement is the isolation of a prisoner in a separate cell as a punishment. Aside from the death penalty, confinement is the most extreme punishment that a prisoner can be sentenced to. Prisoners deserve to maintain their human rights while incarcerated just as much as any ordinary citizen in the United States. Solitary confinement is unconstitutional because it violates the fundamental rights of inmates by physically and socially isolating them, which potentially inflicts severe long-term damage on adolescents. The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) has deemed solitary confinement as an unconstitutional form of punishment. It expresses that solitary confinement should be classified as torture because it inflicts potential physical and mental damage on inmates. Being confined to a cell for over 22 hours a day with absolutely no human contact is an inhumane practice and cannot be beneficial enough to overcome the consequences that an inmate must face upon release. Solitary confinement clearly violates the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment.† Solitary confinement is the epitome of torture. Inmates often recall not being able to distinguish the time they spend in confinement; hours feel like days, and days feel like months. Certain prisons use solitary confinement differently than others. The Pelican Bay Security Housing Unit (SHU) is known as the â€Å"most restrictive prison in California.† It is one of the harshest â€Å"super-maximumâ €  prisons in the country, meaning that inmates may be subjected to solitary confinement for a set amount of time or an indefinite duration. This is known as the ‘supe... ...t in solitary confinement because they cannot handle the isolation. When a human being is confined to a small, windowless room in complete isolation from other human beings, the results can only be negative. Communication is key to survival, people feed off of each other to survive. Furthermore, when a human being is deprived of communication and is forced to be alone, it is an unknown experience to them. Nothing in life can prepare someone for this sick excuse of a punishment- the degree of isolation that one is expected to endure in solitary confinement is inhumane. Young people are a lot more vulnerable than adults; therefore the physical and mental effects of isolation take a greater toll on adolescents than on adults. It is not only unlawful but also implacable to place any human being, much less an adolescent, through such a ruthless form of ‘discipline’.

Irish Migration to Quebec :: essays research papers fc

From the time that people began living in groups, people have migrated to suit their personal needs. For some, it was to escape difficult times or hardships faced by their ethnic group. Such is the case of the Irish who migrated to Quebec from 1815 to the Potato Famine of 1847. What causes and factors drove these people to cross an ocean and leave their homeland for the unknown prospects of Quebec? To examine and fully answer this question, one must look at the social, economic and religious conditions in Ireland at the time, as well as what drew the Irish to Quebec rather than somewhere else. To know why the Irish left Ireland, one must look at what was going on in Ireland from approximately 1815, a time before the famine began, to 1854 when the famine came to an end. Firstly, the Irish population had been steadily increasing from 2.8 million in 1712 until an estimated 8.5 million in 1841. This naturally led to harder times as families had more children to support. There also came a decline in agricultural prices, leading the average farmer’s income to decline as well. There was a legislation, as well, that was passed in 1816 and 1819 that decreased the cost of eviction, which led some of the landowners to evict their tenants to use the land for the purpose of grazing. This left those tenants without a place to live and a way to support themselves. As well, the Union with Great Britain in 1801, and the free trade that followed, ruined many of the forms of labour in Ireland at the time, including manufacturing and the products of artisans. This led many of the farmers and labourers to resort to begging, stealing and even starvation. This seemed to be enough of an incentive for people to start migrating overseas, and it is only common sense that those with the most money were able to leave first in 1815, these people mainly Protestant farmers. However, there was a reduction in fares in 1817 and that allowed some of the poorer classes, most usually were the Protestant counterparts, to finally migrate. During that period, many of the Irish immigrants came from the town of Ulster. This has been found to be due to the collapse of the linen industry there, which left the former employees unemployed. It seems apparent that in the decade prior to the Potato Famine, unemployment and a decline in the level of lifestyle were the major driving forces behind the first

Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons

A penitentiary is an institution established and controlled by the government. The penitentiary system in the United Stated has as its primary goal of detaining, housing and punishing individuals who have been convicted of felony crimes. Up until the 19th century, prison systems were not common. The common jail dates back to ancient times, but was used to detain persons temporarily until he or she was found innocent, fined, or subjected to corporal punishment. Generally, corporal punishment was most often reserved for the lower classes, since those with means were able to most fines levied against them. Those crimes that were not deemed capital crimes were punishable by means of public whippings, maiming, or being shamed. Historically, there have been two types of prisons or penitentiary systems in the United States. The Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary systems form the basis are penitentiary systems in the United States. Although the two share some of the same principles, they differ in many respects and it is not surprising that supporters of each type believe strongly that his or her preferred system is the most desirable and best represents that which characterizes the penal system. Hattery, 2007) The Pennsylvania system was introduced into American society by the Quakers and is far and away the more conservative of the two penitentiary systems. The religious Quakers sought to replace the existing cruel methods of punishment that had been associated with corporal punishment with mandated yet productive labor intensive methods. Prior to the enlightened Quakers entry int o the penal system, criminals were abused at the hands of both formal and informal governments. Punishment included branding, mutilation, whipping and other harsh punishments. Under the Pennsylvania system, prisoners are housed in individual cells. Prisoners are required to engage in unpaid laborious service for as long as he or she is housed in the government run institution. Working hours are clearly defined and convicts are expected to comply with prison policy. While imprisoned, convicts are not allowable to interact with other prisoners and if they come into contact with others, they are not allowed to engage in conversation. Haslam, 2008) The New York system, which was implemented at Auburn, is similar to the Pennsylvania system but markedly differs in that prisoners are allowed to form bonds with other prisoners. Prisoners were afforded the opportunity to interact with each other while working and they were also allowed to eat meals together. Under this model, socialization and relationships were not seen as an enemy of punishment; instead, relationships and socializatio n were seen as that which was inevitable. Under the New York system, prisoners were assigned separate cells where they slept. Generally, this was the only form of isolation allowed under the New York system. Although there seemed to be less rigidity than that of the Pennsylvania system, rules were strictly enforced. (Haslam, 2008) During World War II, the United States created prisoner of war camps at the request of the British allies who were unable to house large number of captives. During this period, numerous prisoners of war who happened to be of German and Italian nationality were housed on American military bases and were forced to provide prison labor. The POWs were treated in much the same way as modern prisoners are treated. The Prisoners were required to work while being held on the military installation and were expected to adhere to all prison camp policies. Since World War II, the prison system in the United States has grown tremendously. A somewhat foreseeable result of this growth has been the evolution of prison labor. Prisoners throughout the country work in numerous manufacturing and service industries. The growth of prison labor in the United States has come under attack by both Americans and human rights advocates around the world. Many people argue that the United States is hypocritical because it denounces China’s use of prison labor while encouraging the privatization of prisons at home. (Hattery, 2007) Works Cited Haslam, J. (2008). Pits, Pendulums, and Penitentiaries: Reframing the Detained Subject. Texas Studies In Literature and Language, 268-284. Hattery, E. S. (2007). If We Build it They Will Come: Human Rights Violations and the Prison Industrial Complex 1 . Societies Without Borders 2, 273 –288.

Lady Macbeth and Her Gender Essay

In Shakespeare’s time women were considered to stay ay home, do the housework and to look after the children after they were married. The role of women was just to please men. Women had no right and no choices because men defined women. A young women’s future was defined by their father and they had no choice to refuse. In Shakespeare’s time, which was the Elizabethan period, there were no actresses and men played women in plays. To women in those times the play ‘Macbeth’ would seem very strange as Lady Macbeths character is nothing like women in then, even to men the character would seem strange. Lady Macbeth is an ambiguous character as she has two sides to her, one side is that she is fiendlike and the other is that she is not fiendlike. The first time we meet lady Macbeth, is when she was reading a letter that Macbeth had written to her telling her about the witches prophecy. She reads the letter and says ‘yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness’. She thinks that Macbeths is too kind to do anything to become king, she says that he is ‘too’ kind, but no one can be too kind to kill anyone. She then says a spell, ‘pour my sprits in their ear’ and she wants to give her evil sprits to him and she has to take away the human kindness and fill it up with evil. This was the very first encounter with Lady Macbeth and this will make the audience think that she is evil, which would shock the audience. Lady Macbeth’s understanding of ambition is evil. ‘Without illness should attend it’. The word illness actually means evil so she is saying without evil you can’t be ambitious. The verb ‘should’ indicate that Lady Macbeth feels that evil must always accompany ambition. Lady Macbeth has just heard that the king, Duncan is coming to stay at their castle. Lady Macbeth say’s a soliloquy and calls on evil sprits to assist her murderous plans. ‘The raven himself is hoarse†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Lady Macbeths knows that she’s a woman and can’t commit the crime so she says ‘unsex me here’. If she is unsexed then she would not be a woman but a man and her feminine side would be taken away. Lady Macbeth wants to be filled with ‘direst cruelty’ so that she can kill the king with hesitating. This soliloquy is actually a spell. We know this is a spell because she is calling on sprits to unsex her. To an Elizabethan audience and to our modern audience it is still odd for some one casting a spell. In the scene there are many mood changes from excitement to fury. This has a dramatic effect on the audience as the scene started off with a lot of excitement from lady Macbeth and then changed to a furious state towards Macbeth. ‘Look like th’innocent flower, but be serpent under it’. Here lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth to look innocent but be evil inside. This is like Adam and Eve where Adam is Macbeth and eve is Lady Macbeth and the serpent tempted them. This also spoiled their stay in paradise and to Macbeth and lady Macbeth it will spoil the whole existence of the world, as they will be breaking the chain of being. This shows us that lady Macbeth is fiendlike and doesn’t care about the rest of the world. Two scenes later lady Macbeth says something very shocking, which may have just changed Macbeth’s mind. ‘Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done this’, here lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth that she would kill her own child and throw it on the floor and let it die than break a promise she had made. This is pure evil and again to an Elizabethan audience and to our modern audience this is odd, as no one would say that. After Macbeth kills the king and two guards are saying their prayers and he couldn’t say ‘amen’. This worried Macbeth and all Lady Macbeth could say was ‘consider it not so deeply’. She didn’t care about his feelings and what he was going through and just simply forgot about it. Lady Macbeth is meant to look out for Macbeth, but she really has more control over Macbeth and he does not say anything to her as men in those days would. Lady Macbeth orders him to put the dagger back but he still in shock so she does it her self. In the play lady Macbeth is also not fiendlike towards Macbeth, and tries to support and help him. The first place where lady Macbeth is not fiendlike is when she was calling Macbeth a coward, which was in act 1 scene 7, just before Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth may have looked like she was being fiendlike towards Macbeth, when she was calling him a coward. ‘ And live a cowed in thane own esteem’, Macbeth could be saying this to him so that his dream of being king would come true and not for her to be queen. She called him all these names like a ‘coward’, ‘spineless’ and ‘lack of manliness’ to make him say no he’s not and so he would prove her wrong. Lady Macbeth also said ‘but screw your courage to the sticking-place’, and this means be a man and this finally got him and he gave in. I think that it actually worked and it was the turning point and then murdered Duncan. In the second scene of act two lady Macbeth shows a week side in her as she say’s ‘had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t. This shows us that she has some compassion in her and is not all evil. This has a bit of a effect on the audience as they now know she isn’t all evil. After the deed is done Macbeth says this is a ‘sorry sight’ and lady Macbeth replies with ‘a foolish thought, to say a sorry sight’, she is saying its too late now you’ve done it and your dreams will come true. She is keeping his hopes up and is also trying to forget about it. When Macduff tells Duncan’s son of their father’s murder, Macbeth has to depend himself and to help him out lady Macbeth faints in order to bring the attention away from Macbeth so that he would not be questioned. If she did not care about Macbeth she would have not done this. So this shows that she does love Macbeth. Lady Macbeth has her times when she is pure evil but she also cares about Macbeth and about his well-being. She was very strong and kept her emotions inside her until the end and it drove her to sleep walk and then at the end to suicide. She kept it all inside for Macbeth so he would not get worried and so therefore I can’t say she is fiendlike or not.

My Little Pony Essay

There has been a recent social development concerning a very well-known series of toys, and a cartoon that has been airing for decades; namely, My Little Pony. Hasbro has marketed the line of toys since the early 1980s and along with that, created a cartoon, targeted toward toddlers and young girls. The cartoon has aired many different generations and adaptations of the show from 1984 to present. Since then, My Little Pony has been popular among the younger female audiences. (Bellis 1) A following has emerged with the creation of a new adaptation of the cartoon, called My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic. The following originated from the internet; in particular, on internet forums where people discuss cartoons. The following figure shows the amount of threads per days posted between just October 2010 and February 2011. However, these posts have not been made from young girls, like the supposed target audience Hasbro has aimed for, but from older men and women, ranging from young adults to full-grown adults. Male fans of the show have begun to call themselves ‘bronies’ as a name that combines the word ‘bro’ and ‘pony’. Females have picked up the term ‘pegasisters’ as a more female term to describe a fan of the new series. There are many people that have noticed the increase in popularity of the show through media like news channels and internet articles. These people exert differing perspectives on why exactly older audiences have decided to create a massive subculture in the realm of My Little Pony. The first perspective comes from the perception begun by people who aren’t fans of the new My Little Pony series. ‘Looking in’ from ‘outside’ the following, they view it as juvenile, and as they notice the increase of male fans of the show, quickly gather the opinion that male fans of My Little Pony are using the show to suppress homosexual thoughts due to the feminine qualities of the show. A second perspective, made by males and females, usually ones who are fans of the cartoon, claim that they legitimately enjoy it because they find it clever, witty, funny, and cute. A relevant third perspective is that the cultural reemergence has come from the irony built into the juxtaposition of a show that has primarily targeted towards young females, and the unexpected older male following. The viewpoint that fans of the show are juvenile and that male fans are homosexual is to be expected. In a society where the term ‘gay’ was once popularly considered to mean ‘un-cool’, or ‘stupid’, there’s no doubt that there would be an attack on something that combined a male and a subject that is targeted toward females. Chuck D. Finley puts this viewpoint into an easy-to-read perspective in his article entitled: The My Little Pony Abomination: What is a Bronie and Why They Make God Cry. In this article, he states: â€Å"The sad fact is that many fathers today wish to spend time with their children, they will sit down to watch the cartoon with their daughters. And that is when they have got you. † Other statements in his article include name-calling and blatant hate for anything regarding following of the cartoon. Not only does this article ridicule the following for My Little Pony, but it radicalizes a level of dislike towards others who enjoy the show. Another viewpoint comes from the fans and their love for the cartoon. Of course, they are aware of themselves and of how popular the show is becoming. To contrast from a wide belief held by people who hold the previous perspective, this perspective doesn’t only include male fans. It also includes females. Nor does this perspective hold a gender stereotype upon itself on the reason why an older audience adores the new My Little Pony series. The viewpoint is rather simple, they like the cartoon because they enjoy it. People who watch the cartoon find the characters funny, clever, and relatable. (SquadSix)The creator of the current generation of My Little Pony, Lauren Faust, helped to support this claim in a general message. She was asked by someone â€Å"What do you think about the weird cult of manchildren [again, in reference to the first perspective, specifying male fans] called ‘bronies’ that worship you? † Her response was as follows: Hi [Constitutional], In general, I am still inspired by bronies. As a group, they have not succumbed to society’s pressure that young men must hold contempt on anything feminine no matter what. They’ve been able to see beyond the preconceived notions that they were most likely raised with to judge something for it’s merit. (Faust) So, Lauren Faust has shown support for the following of this series, no matter what age or what gender it may include. She explains an opposing side of the aforementioned perspective that being a fan of My Little Pony is ridiculous. That side includes the fact that the strains and expectations of gender stereotypes are loosened in favour of a more general approach where attraction to the show is independent of other perspectives. A more abstract viewpoint for why there is a large cultural following is that it’s ironic. Some people think that an older audience enjoying the show is somewhat of a counterculture. And therefore, by that logic, going against society’s norms of gender and age will promote an evolution of culture, where social norms are essentially broken. This type of mass following ignites something new and different in one’s understanding for what ‘culture’ is. This perspective holds that these broken reigns of social norms may be part of the excitement for fans that enjoy the cartoon. Through these few perspectives we can see that there are different reasons that people have given as to why there is an emergence of the popularity of My Little Pony, specifically, the new tv series, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic. There are some who hate the following of the show and think that the male fans are watching it for suppression of homosexuality. Then there are the fans who like the show simply because they think it’s a good show to watch. And then there are others who hold the perspective that the following is a collective attempt at creating a counterculture through the previously mentioned ironic qualities. These different perspectives help to create a flourishing exploration on why such a cultural phenomenon has appeared.

Compare Japanese and British industrialization

â€Å"Compare political, economic, and social effects of the Industrial Revolution on Britain and Japanese society between 1850 – 1914† An Industrial Revolution is when production advances to machines instead of by hands. Industrial Revolution, which started in the early 19th century in Britain, spread throughout the world and reached Japan around 1868. However, industrialization of each nation was different because of geographical location and cultural influence and thus resulted in similar economic outcome but quite diverse political and social results.One of the major reasons that caused Industrial Revolution to begin in Britain and Japan is because of geographical similarities. Both Japan and Britain are isolated islands nearby the continent, with limited but enough raw materials to start industrialization. In the case of Britain, it possessed coal, iron, and wool, which Japan had to import from other countries. The economic outcome of both nations was the same: bot h countries became rich and powerful.Another similar effect of industrialization between Japan and Britain was their development of technology and military weapons. Driven by the need for raw materials, they both conquered countries in Africa and Asia. Workers in both Britain and Japan suffered a great deal: low wages, long working hours, poor working conditions, living in slums, and perhaps, child labor. The way Industrial Revolution began in both nations was considerably different.Britain pioneered industrialization in a more natural way; politically Britain had been very stable, free of civil wars and domestic chaos. Economically the country had low tariff which encouraged more trading and production. The British started inventing steam engines, water frames, spinning jenny that helped start Industrial Revolution. They were more motivated to move forward from hand production, unlike the Japanese, they had a modern way of thinking. Japan was â€Å"forced† to industrialize b ecause of foreign pressure.China was colonized not too long before American Matthew Perry arrived in Japan to open the country for trade. From the middle of the 19th century to 1945, the British Empire was so huge that people said the sun never set. In this case of Japan, it defeated first China in 1895, and 10 years later, Russia in 1905. Colonies such as India exported cotton to Britain, and Manchuria and Korea to provide iron and copper for Japan. The population percentage was larger in Britain than it was in Japan. Compare Japanese and British industrialization â€Å"Compare political, economic, and social effects of the Industrial Revolution on Britain and Japanese society between 1850 – 1914† An Industrial Revolution is when production advances to machines instead of by hands. Industrial Revolution, which started in the early 19th century in Britain, spread throughout the world and reached Japan around 1868. However, industrialization of each nation was different because of geographical location and cultural influence and thus resulted in similar economic outcome but quite diverse political and social results.One of the major reasons that caused Industrial Revolution to begin in Britain and Japan is because of geographical similarities. Both Japan and Britain are isolated islands nearby the continent, with limited but enough raw materials to start industrialization. In the case of Britain, it possessed coal, iron, and wool, which Japan had to import from other countries. The economic outcome of both nations was the same: bot h countries became rich and powerful.Another similar effect of industrialization between Japan and Britain was their development of technology and military weapons. Driven by the need for raw materials, they both conquered countries in Africa and Asia. Workers in both Britain and Japan suffered a great deal: low wages, long working hours, poor working conditions, living in slums, and perhaps, child labor. The way Industrial Revolution began in both nations was considerably different.Britain pioneered industrialization in a more natural way; politically Britain had been very stable, free of civil wars and domestic chaos. Economically the country had low tariff which encouraged more trading and production. The British started inventing steam engines, water frames, spinning jenny that helped start Industrial Revolution. They were more motivated to move forward from hand production, unlike the Japanese, they had a modern way of thinking. Japan was â€Å"forced† to industrialize b ecause of foreign pressure.China was colonized not too long before American Matthew Perry arrived in Japan to open the country for trade. From the middle of the 19th century to 1945, the British Empire was so huge that people said the sun never set. In this case of Japan, it defeated first China in 1895, and 10 years later, Russia in 1905. Colonies such as India exported cotton to Britain, and Manchuria and Korea to provide iron and copper for Japan. The population percentage was larger in Britain than it was in Japan.

Retronics Case Study

Case Study: Human Performance: Retronics Alderfer. C. P. 1969, An empirical test of a new theory of human needs, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 142-175. Amason, A. C, Hochwater, W. A. , Thompson, K. R & Harrison, A. W. 1995, ‘Conflict: an important dimension in successful management teams’, Organisational Dynamics, vol. 24, no 2, pp. 20 – 35. Bandura A. 1997, Self-efficacy: the exercise of control, Freeman, New York. Bandura, A. 1977, ‘Self-efficacy: towards a unifying theory of behavioural change', Psychological Review, no. 84, pp. 191 – 215. Bandura, A. 986, ‘Social foundations of thought and action', Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Beyer, J. M. , Chattopadhyay, P. , George, E. , Glick, W. H. & Pugliese, D. 1997, The selective perception of managers revisited, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 716-37. Bowen, D. E & Lawler, Edward E. III. 1992, ‘The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How, a nd When. ‘ Sloan Management Review, 33 Spring: 31- 39. Cattell, R. B. 1963, ‘Theory of fluid and crystallised intelligence: a critical experiment', Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 54, pp. 1-22. Deci, E. L. 996, Why we do what we do, Penguin, New York. Dunphy, D. 1996, Organizational change by choice, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. French, J & Raven, B. H. 1959, ‘The bases of social power', Studies of social power, ed. D. Cartwright, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, M1, pp. 150-67. Fryer, B. 2004, ‘The Micromanager’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 31-40. Goleman, D. 1998, ‘What makes a Leader? ‘, Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 92-102. Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. & McKee, A. 2001, ‘Primal Leadership: the hidden driver of great performance', Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 11, p. 42. Golsing, J. Mintzberg, H. 2003, ‘The five minds of a manager', Harvard Business Review, vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 54-63. Hackman, J . R. 1987, ‘The design of work teams', Handbook of organizational behaviour', in J. W. Lorsch, (ed. ), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 315-42. Hambrick, D. C. 1994, ‘Top management groups: a conceptual integration and reconsideration of the team label', Research in Organizational Behaviour, vol. 16, pp. 171-213. Hamel, G, The why, what, and how of management innovation. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, 2006, pp. 72-84, 163. Hamm, J â€Å"The Five Messages Leaders must manage† – Havard Business Review online May 2006 (Accessed 17 April 2009) Heilman, M. E. , Rivero, J. C. , & Brett, J. F. 1991. ‘Skirting the competence issue: Effects of sex-based preferential selection on task choices of women and men’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, pp 99-105. Hesketh, B. 1997, ‘Dilemmas in training for transfer and retention’, Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 46, pp. 317- 39. Hitt, M. A. & Ireland, R. D. 2002, ‘The essence of strategic leadership: managing human and social capital', Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, vol. 9, no. , pp. 3-14. Hofstede, G. 1980, Culture's consequence Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Hofstede, G. 1993, Culture and organizations: software of the mind, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Katzenbach, J. R. & Smith, D. K. 1993, The wisdom of teams:creating the high-performance organization, McGraw-Hill, London. Kotter, J. P. & Heskett, J. L. 1992, Corporate Culture and Perform ance. New York: The Free Press. Legnick-Hall, M. L & Legnick-Hall, C. A. 2003, ‘HR's role in building relationship networks', Academy of Management Review, vol 17, no. 4, pp. 53-63. Locke, E. A. 996, ‘The contradiction of epiphenomenalism', British Journal of Psychology, vol. 57, pp. 203-4. Makins, M. C. 2004, ‘Stop Wasting Valuable Time’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 58-68. Managing People & Organisation (MPO), 2009, Unit 1 – 9, AGSM MBA (Executive) Program. Moorhead G & Griffin, R. W. 1998, Organizational behaviour: managing people and organizations, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Moorhead, G. , Ference, R. & Neck, C. P. 1991, ‘Group decision fiascoes continue: space shuttle Challenger and a revised groupthink framework', Human Relations, vol. 44, pp. 539-50. Newman, Kara IPO Best Practices http://www. homsonfinancial. com/docs/IPObestpractices. pdf Thompson Financial September 2006 (Accessed 17 April 2009). Pfeffer, J 1998 â€Å"Seven practices o f successful organisations’, California Management Review, Winter, vol 40, no. 2, pp. 96 – 124. Rowe, W. G. 2001, ‘Creating wealth in organizations: The role of strategic leadership’, The Academy of Management Executive, vol. 15, no. 1, February, pp. 81 -94. Russo, J. E. & Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1990, Decision traps: ten barriers to brilliant decision-making and how to avoid them, Simon & Schuster, New York. Sarros, J. C & Butchatsky, O. 996, Leadership, Harper Business, Sydney. Schein, V. E. 1985, ‘Organizational realities: the politics of change', Training and Development Journal, February, pp. 37-41. Thompson, J. D. 1967, Organizations in action, McGraw-Hill, New York. Welch, J and Byrne, J. A 2001, Jack: What I've learned leading a great company and great people, Headline. Tushman, M. L & Romanelli, E. 1985, ‘Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation’, Research in Organizational Behaviour, vol. 7, pp. 171-222. Yukl, G. A. 1998, Leadership in organiztions, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Inseparability of Markets and Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inseparability of Markets and Regulations - Essay Example As such, it protects healthcare consumers by ensuring that the services provided to them are satisfactory and efficiently meet their tastes and preferences. Through licensing, the board controls competition and deviant practices within the medical field. It also safeguards consumers’ interests by guaranteeing that medical costs are within the conventional standards and affordable level (Lee, 2009). GCMB has a board of directors that comprises of 15 voting members and an ex-officio chosen by the governor. Its current chair is Richard Weil. Among the 15 voting members, 11 are physicians with Doctor of Medicine grades, 2 are dynamically practicing physicians with Doctor of Physiotherapy degrees, and 2 members are consumer members, who main role is to represent the interests of healthcare consumers (GCMD, 2014). GCMB represents the cultural diversity prevalent in Georgia. The board members are drawn from different regions within the state and represent the various social, economic, and political interests of a diverse population. The board is a fair representation of the community it is serving since it has incorporated the interests of different groups into its mission, goal, and objectives. However, the board still faces a challenge in regulating medical practitioners due to increased misconducts in the medical sector and the diversity of the field of medicine. New trends in medicine have too posted a challenge for GCMB (Lee, 2009). For instance, lethal injection practices and physicians participation in executions have proven to be hard to control. The incentives offered to the board are not enough to finance its activities and the cost of providing the licensing services has upsurge posing a challenge to the relevance of

Epistemology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Epistemology - Assignment Example Uncertainty Principle is hard to understand, as it requires thorough understanding of physics. However, positivism is founded on principles indicating that matter is seen, observed and proved. It creates a conflict between the two principles. For example, advocates of positivism argue it is not possible to observe electron paths while pro- Uncertainty Principle argues that electrons travel on path called orbits (Gleiser, 2014). Postmodern epistemology is the study of how knowledge is assessed, gained, utilized and criticized. The development of Uncertainty Principle enabled the advocates of epistemology to widen their scope of learning. Concepts of Uncertainty Principle like quantum mechanics are studied in postmodern epistemology (Van & McIntyre-Mills, 2007). One of its implications is called determinism. It states that everything that has happened or will happen in the world is pre-determined by original conditions. However, this theory was abandoned after the discovery of quantum physics (Kitchin & Kneale, 2012). M.C. Robinson (2011). A thought experiment violating Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Canadian Journal of Physics. P. 69-119 Retrieved from Marcelo Gleiser (2014). The Problem with a Clockwork Universe. Commentary on Science and society. Reterieved from < http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/01/22/264504218/the-problem-with-a-clockwork-universe

Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle - Essay Example The healthy lifestyle includes good feeding practices by eating a balanced diet, avoiding junk food†¦ doing regular exercise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Landow, 76) Thus, adopting a healthy lifestyle is important to resist different kinds of health problems and it is only possible if we eat a balanced diet, exercise and avoid stress. A balanced diet is essential for adopting a healthy lifestyle. Everyone has certain food preferences and perhaps this is one of the reasons why our diets are mostly comprised of a certain type of food. We tend to omit a lot of healthy foods just because we do not like their taste. For instance, people who like meat-based dishes are prone to consume lesser amounts of fresh foods like vegetables and fruits. Similarly, there are a lot of people who do not like dairy products. These are typical examples of imbalanced diets. Our meals should ideally comprise of healthy amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, good fats and water. Thus it is important to explore new tastes and foods in order to include all the essential components of a balanced diet. Fast food like deep fried chicken or fish or potatoes, are richer in calories but low in nutritional value. We need to adapt our bodies slowly to a healthy lifestyle because it is not easy to curb our cravings for our favorite fast food. Alternately, we can also make some healthy changes to the ways our food is normally cooked. Our recipes can be made healthier if we reduce the number of fats and sugar in our everyday meals. Opting to grill or stir fry our meat and vegetables can greatly reduce our caloric intake and retain their nutrition. Eating fresh food is healthier than eating preserved, canned or processed food. This is because preserved food contains certain additives that may be unhealthy. Moreover, preserved foods are high in sugar or salt, which is also not healthy. It is indeed tempting to buy a can of peeled and diced fruits or vegetables rather than purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables and going through the trouble of washing and  peeling them.  

Change Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Management - Research Paper Example It has its extensive presence in every domain of the society. In the context of modern day business scenario, change is an important part of operational process of the companies irrespective of the industry that they are operating in. In the healthcare sector, with the increased level of business market competition and altering nature of customer demands, change has become quite crucial by a certain degree. However, it cannot be ignored that there exist a proper process of change management, which helps in building a systematic framework and enabling proper implementation of the change proposed (Reiss, 2012). Contextually, this paper will work towards initiating change in a particular healthcare organization, which will comprise analyzing the need for change and the strategies for making that change successful. Identification of Change and Why Identifying the change, which is to be undertaken, is quite vital with regard to build a systematic process for the same. It can be stated tha t the change will be suggested with analyzing the clinical environment of a particular healthcare unit. ... ealthcare unit is observed to be below standards in conducting their certain operational activities in accordance with the norms along with the standards set for the overall industry. Observably, the healthcare unit is seen to be lacking in the practice of hand hygiene. According to the report of CHICA (2013), there are millions of people who often get infected from nosocomial infection due to having deficiency in this particular practice. Hand hygiene, in the healthcare sector provides certain guidelines to both healthcare patients and the professionals in the workplace, so that they mitigate with the rising problems arising from non-adherence to the same (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). In this regard, change such as implementation of Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines will be initiated in the healthcare unit. It provides certain strict guidelines with regard to maintain hand hygiene in the unit to ensure enhancement in the performance of the organizatio n (CHICA, 2013). The healthcare unit is also seen to be lacking in providing quality services to the patients. It has been apparently observed that the healthcare organization possesses the responsibility to serve people with utmost integrity and responsibility. However, in analyzing the particular healthcare unit, it has been noted that the satisfaction level of the customers acquiring services from this unit is quite low, which further is a serious threat for the well being of the patients and the performance of the unit altogether. Hence, in this regard, proper implementation of NAHQ based Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice will be initiated as a change in the operation of the healthcare unit, further making sure that the healthcare unit work totally in compliance with the

Legal Requirements of a Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legal Requirements of a Will - Essay Example Having understood the meaning of the will, the next step in the process of formation of the will is to understand the requirements of creating the will which has to be legally binding in the Court of law. Following are the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to have a legally binding Will: 1. The Will made by the Testator must be the final version of his Will. There shall be no will made by him before he finally signs the Will, if in case there is a Will previous to the final Will then that Will shall be terminated and duly notified in the existence of the new and the final draft. 2. The Will shall be signed by the Testator 3. The Will shall have two witnesses at the least, and the witness’s shall have no inheritance of the assets in the structure of the Will, as they are supposed to be independent people who have no interest coming out from the creation of the Will. The Will should be signed by them. 4. The Testator has to be of sound mind and should be above 18 years of age. 5. The Testator should have an executer to execute the Will in the favour of the beneficiaries after his death, since the executer is the one who is responsible for the execution of the Will and making sure that the beneficiaries get their due share in accordance to the Will. 6. The Testator has to clearly identify the inheritors of his will and has to account for his property in full valuation.

Explain this Confucian Virtue and discuss the ways in which this does Essay

Explain this Confucian Virtue and discuss the ways in which this does or does not exist in contemporary American society. Use concrete examples. Make sure that you adequately define this Virtue - Essay Example Thus, the core of the teachings of Confucius oscillated around the right individual ethics, values and virtues that are morally healthy and socially upright. Confucianism refers to an ethical, virtuous, moral and as well as psychological system of thought that was introduced by Confucius (Sun, 37). This system borrows its origin from the periods of Autumn and Spring in the Han Dynasty. During that period, Confucianism was majorly used as a tool for ethical and sociopolitical teaching. The teachings of Confucianism majorly revolve around humanism. Such teachings mostly espouse the importance of family relationships and disregards beliefs in gods. The teachings further depict that human beings can be taught through personal as well as communal endeavors. In addition, the teachings of Confucianism maintain that individuals are improvable as well as perfectible relevant to their personal as well as communal endeavors (Smith and Huston, 51). This can be realized mainly through self-creation as well as self-cultivation of morally upright virtues alongside lending credence to ethical maintenance. Confucianism’s teachings majorly revolve around four main ethical concepts. These include ren, yi, li and zhi. Ren observes the virtue of humanness and altruism whereas yi obligates righteousness and moral responsibility to do good (Smith and Huston, 47). Li determines the way a person should conduct himself or herself with regards to certain norms. Zhi regards the ability to identify what is considered either wrong or right relevant to how an individual relates to others in the society (Wong, 67). It is of critical significance to acknowledge that the teachings of Confucianism can bring good results when incorporated within the governance policies and rules of any country. Confucius argues that for a leader to govern his subjects effectively, he must start with

South Korean Government vs. US Government Research Paper

South Korean Government vs. US Government - Research Paper Example The South Korean government and the U.S. government differ in terms of its basic structure, the branches of the government, electoral system, and political parties; however, they are similar in terms of corruption allegations and violations of human rights; and that the solution to these is an independent judiciary and a rigid constitution. Review of Literature First Argument: Differences The South Korean and the United States governments differ in terms of their basic structure, as well as in the branches of the government, especially in the legislative and executive branches. Moreover, both governments follow different electoral systems and political parties. Basic Structure. The South Korean government is presidential in nature except for the cabinet, which is partly parliamentary in carrying out its tasks. Moreover, the South Korean government is a central government that oversees all affairs of the nation and declares everything and all the laws are uniform throughout the countr y. The United States government, on the other hand, is based on the principle of federalism, where power is shared between federal and state governments. This is also a system where the autonomy of every State is recognized by the people. Each state, however, submits to the U.S. Constitution and to federal law when there is a dispute. Legislative Branch. The South Korean legislative body is known as the National Assembly of South Korea. It has 299 members who represent the four political parties of South Korea. The South Korean National Assembly formulates laws and does many things that any other legislative body of any democratic government would usually do, such as regulate the armed forces and make decisions regarding the national budget proposed by the executive branch (Savada & Shaw, 1990). On the other hand, the legislative body of the United States government is known as the Congress, which represents mostly two political parties – the Democratic and the Republican par ties, as well as Independent members. The United States Congress is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress is authorized to create laws, levy and collect taxes, issue patents, declare war and support the military, regulate military forces, create federal courts, establish infrastructures, and to regulate money. The United States Congress is made up of 435 members of the House of Representatives, representing every congressional district, each member serving two-year terms, and without any limit as to the number of terms its members may serve. The other component, the Senate, is made up of 100 members, two from each state, each serving six-year terms, without term limits. The role of the Senate is to approve Presidential appointments and to jointly approve bills with the Congress (Wilson & Dilulio, 2011). Executive Branch. The head of the South Korean executive branch is a president that is directly elected through national elections. The President serve s only one five-term year. The President is also the head of state and government as well as the commander-in-chief of the military. Just like many presidents of democratic countries, the South Korean President can declare a state of martial law, a state of emergency, or a state of war. He can also propose laws

Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad Essay Example for Free

Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad Essay In-country research teams, guided by policymakers and assisted by USA counterparts, identify key policy objectives and a range of conventional and innovative policy measures. The team analyzes the potential co-benefits of selected mitigation strategies and makes recommendations that inform policy decisions. Co-benefits analysis, outlined in Figure have primarily focused on estimating the human health benefits resulting from air quality improvements associated with increased use of clean energy technologies and measures. IES analysis could be extended to quantify additional benefits, such as economic development impacts (e. g. , job creation, trade balance) and reduced traffic congestion.

Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt

Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt Development and Evaluation of an Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt Extrusion Technology Manjeet B. Pimparade1, Anh Vo1, Abhijeet S. Maurya1, Joseph T. Morott1, Xin Feng1, Dong Wuk Kim1, Vijay I. Kulkarni1, Roshan Tiwari1, K. Vanaja2, Reena. Murthy2, H. N. Shivakumar2, D. Neupane3, S. R. Mishra3, S. N. Murthy1, Michael. A. Repka1,4* 1Department of Pharmaceutics Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA 2Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, India 3Department of Physics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA 4Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA *Address for correspondence: Michael A. Repka, D.D.S., Ph.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Director, Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology School of Pharmacy The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 Abstract The main objective of this novel study was to develop chlorpheniramine maleate orally disintegrating films (ODF) using hot-melt extrusion technology and evaluate the characteristics of the formulation using in vitro and in vivo methods. Modified starch with glycerol was used as a polymer matrix for melt extrusion. Sweetening and saliva-simulating agents were incorporated to improve palatability and lower the disintegration time of film formulations. A standard screw configuration was applied, and the last zone of the barrel was opened to discharge water vapors, which helped to manufacture non-sticky, clear, and uniform films. The film formulations demonstrated rapid disintegration times (6-11 s) and more than 95% dissolution in 5 min. In addition, the films had characteristic mechanical properties that were helpful in handling and storage. An animal model was employed to determine the taste masking of melt-extruded films. The lead film formulation was subjected to a human panel for e valuation of extent of taste masking and disintegration. Keyword: Hot-melt extrusion, Orally disintegrating film, Taste-masking, Pediatric and geriatric, Modified starch, Human panel taste evaluation, Continuous manufacturing, Chlorpheniramine maleate Introduction It is estimated that 26-50% of the patient population find difficulty in swallowing tablets and hard gelatin capsules [1]. These patients mainly include the elderly who have difficulty taking conventional oral dosage forms because of hand tremors and dysphagia, and pediatric patients who are often fearful of taking solid oral dosage forms owing to their underdeveloped muscular and nervous systems [2]. In addition, patients who are mentally ill, developmentally disabled, uncooperative, on reduced liquid-intake plans or nauseated, and travelers who may not have access to clean water also are candidates for ODFs [3, 4]. The traditional alternative to swallowing difficulties is formulating a drug substance in liquid dosage form. However, liquid dosage forms have several limitations, such as the need for measuring, bulkiness, physical, chemical, and microbial stability issues, spoilage, inaccurate dosing, and organoleptic properties of drug and drug formulations [5]. Conventional solid oral formulations contributed significantly to minimizing the shortcomings of liquid dosage forms. The crushing of tablets or opening of capsules is a straightforward way for patients or caregivers to lessen the swallowing difficulties. However, serious consequences may be associated with modified-release, enteric-coated, and cytotoxic or hormonal medicines, as these formulations are designed for special cases [6]. Moreover, European Medical Agency does not recommend the splitting or crushing of tablets because the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is not evenly distributed in the tablet [7, 8]. Thus, it is very convenient to develop a formulation that disintegrates in the oral cavity and eases the swallowing process. In recent years, fast disintegrating oral formulations established their importance in patient population suffering from dysphagia, stroke, thyroid disorder, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy [9]. Commercially available orodispersible tablets (ODT) and orodispersible films (ODF) are the most successful platforms for pharmaceutical product development. ODTs are solid oral dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly, typically within 30 s, with or without the administration of additional water [10]. They provided great comfort to patients with swallowing difficulties [11]. Despite the benefits of ODTs, there are some challenges in their processing and handling owing to their fragility and brittleness, which warrant special package for protection during storage and transportation [12]. The films are flexible and not as fragile as most ODTs. Hence, there is ease in transportation, consumer handling, and storage of ODFs. ODF can be defined as a dosage form that employs a water-soluble polymer (generally a hydrocolloid, which may be a bioadhesive polymer), which allows the dosage form to quickly wet, adhere, and dissolve to release the drug when placed on the tongue or in the oral cavity [5]. ODF alleviated patient discomforts associated with swallowing disabilities without compromising the therapeutic effect. In addition, it could ease the administration of drugs to pediatric patient population [13]. Moreover, ODF can be helpful in curtailing dose variations in younger patients, in whom liquid formulations are the most accepted way of drug delivery. Currently, solvent casting methods are commonly employed to produce ODFs, owing to its ease of production and low set up costs [14, 15]. Despite its wide application, products with batch-to-batch variation may be produced because of multiple steps involved in the production. In addition, air entrapment in the films is commonly observed in solvent casting methods, which leads to dose variations and inappropriate esthetic appearance of the product [15]. The use of large amounts of solvent is one of the biggest shortcomings of this method as solvent removal and disposal is a long and tedious process. Thus, it is very beneficial to develop a solvent-free, quick, and continuous process that could diminish the shortcomings of the current manufacturing method. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a one-step, solvent-free continuous manufacturing process, which established itself in the pharmaceutical arena for the development of various solid oral formulations [16-25]. This technology involves the use of temperature and shear to process polymer blends and extrude them through a die of the desired design [26]. HME could be an effective alternative to the solvent casting method as it diminishes the inherent shortcomings, such as the use of solvents and problems involved in the mixing and drying steps. This ultimately makes HME process efficient and cost effective for patients [27, 28]. This study has three main objectives: to 1) develop a robust patient-friendly orally fast disintegrating film of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM); 2) evaluate these formulations with different in vitro and in vivo techniques, and 3) demonstrate the feasibility of HME techniques for continuous manufacturing of ODF without the use of solvents. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published literature on the manufacturing of orally fast disintegrating formulations using HME technology and evaluation of films using in vitro and in vivo techniques. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials CPM was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH, USA). Lycoat RS 780 (modified starch) was supplied by Roquette America Inc. (Keokuk, IA, USA). Citric acid and glycerol were ordered from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh PA, USA). Magnasweet sample was gifted by Mafco worldwide LLC (Camden, NJ, USA). Sucralose was supplied by JK Sucralose Inc. (Edison, New Jersey, USA). 2.2. Thermal analysis Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies (Perkin Elmer Pyris 1, Shelton, CT, USA) were performed to estimate the thermal stability of the API and excipients during HME processing. Data were analyzed using Pyris software. The API excipients were heated from 30-160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ at 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ /min. 2.3. Material preparation and blending CPM, citric acid, and Lycoat RS 780 were dry mixed at amounts outlined in Table 1 using a V-shell blender (GlobePharma, Maxiblend, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) after passing through an ASTM #30 mesh. The plasticizer (glycerol with dissolved sucralose and Magnasweet) was incorporated slowly into a high-shear mixer (Model RSI 3VG, Robot Coupe Industrial Division, Ridgeland, MS, USA) containing the previously mixed blend with all excipients and allowed to blend for 10 min. 2.4. Hot melt extrusion The blends were melt-extruded using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder (16 mm Prism EuroLab, ThermoFisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) at 30-50 rpm over a temperature range of 100-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   110à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. A degassing port was introduced in the last zone of the barrel to release excess water vapor, which would otherwise produce unwanted bubbles in the films. Additionally, the film die was installed with preset thickness. The physical blend of the formulation was manually fed into the hopper, and the films were collected, wrapped in wax paper, sealed, and stored in polyethylene bags at 25à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ with 40% relative humidity. 2.5. Film characterizations 2.5.1 Film thickness and mechanical properties The mechanical properties of the films were evaluated using the TA.XTPlus texture analyzer equipped with 5 kg load cell (Texture Technologies, Scarsdale, NY, USA). The films were cut into dumbbell shaped specimens with a width and length of 1.55 and 15.5 mm, respectively, and placed longitudinally in tensile grip probe on the texture analyzer. The films were tested at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min and held between two clamps positioned at 5 mm. The results of film samples that broke at and not between the clamps were not included in the calculations. Each film formulation was measured with ten replicates [29]. The tensile strength (Ts) and percent elongation (%E) were calculated using the results from texture analyzer. Film thickness was measured using an electronic caliper (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) at different positions. 2.5.2 Disintegration test The film was cut into an appropriate size as per the dose (4 mg) and placed in a petri dish. Then, 100  µL artificial salivary media was added, and the time for complete disintegration of the film was recorded (n =10). 2.5.3 Surface pH of film The film was moistened using 5  µL water and a contact electrode touched the surface of the film (Oaktonà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pH meter, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), followed by pH measurement (n=6) 2.6. Analytical method A Waters high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a Water 600 binary pump, Waters 2489 UV/detector, and Waters ® 717 plus autosampler (Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), and a Phenomenex Luna 5  µm C18 (2) 250 x 4.6 mm column (Torrance, CA, USA) were used at a detection wavelength of 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 7.5 mM monobasic potassium phosphate in methanol and water at a ratio of 62.5:37.5 (v/v). The mobile phase flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and an injection volume of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼L was used [30]. HPLC data were analyzed using Empower 2 software (Milford, MA, USA). 2.7. In vitro dissolution studies The films for dissolution studies were cut into sizes relative to the dose of CPM (4 mg). The drug profile was evaluated using a USP dissolution apparatus-I (Hanson SR8, Chatsworth, CA) maintained at 37  ± 0.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and having a shaft rotation speed of 100 rpm. The dissolution test was performed using 900 mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The samples were withdrawn at 5, 10, and 30 min and analyzed using the HPLC- UV system. 2.8. X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) X-Ray diffraction (Bruker D8 Advance, Madison, MI, USA) was used to determine the physical state of the drug, excipients, and film formulations. The X-ray diffraction apparatus used CuK radiation at 40 mA, 40 kV, a scanning speed of 2à ¢- ¦/min, and diffraction angle (2ÃŽÂ ¸) range of 5-55. 2.9. Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) The surface morphology of the films was evaluated using SEM analysis. The samples were mounted on adhesive carbon pads placed on aluminum and sputter coated with gold using a Hummer sputtering system (Anatech Ltd, Springfield, VA, USA) in a high vacuum evaporator. A JEOL JSM-5600 SEM operating at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV was used for imaging. 2.10. In vivo taste evaluation Twenty-one naÃÆ' ¯ve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were ordered from Harlan Laboratories (Houston, TX, USA) for the study. The rats were housed in Plexiglass cages with Corncob bedding in a vivarium that maintained a 12 h light/dark cycle and an ambient temperature of ~22à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Food and water were available without any restriction, except during the training and taste evaluation experiments as mentioned below (2.10.1). All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at The University of Mississippi, University, USA (protocol no. 15-026). This study was performed as per the procedure in our previous publication on taste assessment method for bitter drugs [31]. 2.10.1. Training paradigm The rats were trained for licking behavior (response to thirst) by depriving them of water for 22 h, but they had ad libitum access to food. After the water deprivation period, the Plexiglass cage was divided using plastic transparent dividers to provide an individual water bottle to each animal. Eventually, the rats were provided with graduated water bottle for 30 min, and the amount consumed at 15 and 30 min were recorded. This training paradigm was performed for 2 days before the taste evaluation experiment. 2.10.2. Evaluation of bitterness sensitivity of rats To determine the concentration of CPM for this study, a sensitivity test for bitterness was performed in rats. After depriving the rats of water for 22 h, sensitivity toward 0.5 mg/mL CPM solution was evaluated on the first day, followed by a washout period of 24 h. Subsequently, the effect of 1 mg/mL CPM solution was examined, and the results were recorded. 2.10.3. Experiment The experiment was performed for 30 min with 30 mL test formulation following the 22 h water deprivation period. After each experiment, the rats had a washout period of 24 h to avoid any memory of the taste of the previous formulation. The rats had ad libitum access to food during the experiment and washout period. The amount of solution remaining at 15 and 30 min was noted and subtracted from the original test volume. Varying results caused by spilling of the test solution while measuring or leaking of bottle knob were omitted from the study. Notably, animal behavior responses such as jaw smacking, oral grooming, and retreating were observed, which was not the focus of this study. Formulations N2, N7, and N9 at 0.5 mg/mL CPM were used for bitterness evaluation study in rat model. The average amount of solution consumed by all animals was calculated and expressed as the mean standard deviation. The mean scores between the physical mixture and formulation were compared using a student t-test at 95% confidence level and P 2.11. Film evaluation by human panel The evaluation of film for palatability, disintegration time (DT), and organoleptic characteristics was performed at the Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore India (Protocol number VIPS/2013/12). The subjects were recruited after obtaining informed consent. This study is also in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The experimental procedure for this study was as per our previously published work [10, 32]. 2.11.1. Human subject selection criteria Six human subjects belonging to either sex were recruited. They were asked to abstain from coffee/tea and other beverages for 12 h. The subjects were allowed to drink only water for 12 h. Moreover, they were asked not to eat chocolates or other candies for over 6 h. The inclusion criterion was healthy human subjects aged 18-42 years, and the exclusion criteria were subjects suffering from fever, mouth ulcers, dry mouth, cold, nose block, and wounds as well as smokers.   2.11.2. Data collection Before data collection, the subjects were asked to wash their mouth with water at ambient temperature. The surface temperature of the tongue was recorded using an infrared (IR) thermometer, and a difference of  ±5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ relative to the body temperature was considered an exclusion criteria. 2.11.2.1. Bitterness perception The subjects were asked to taste aqueous solutions of CPM, beginning with very dilute solutions and progressing to higher concentrations, by placing 2 mL solution for 30 s on the tongue/buccal cavity. The concentrations screened were 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 4 mg. The volunteers were asked to report the perception each time: 1- I feel bitter taste, 2- I feel something but cannot identify the taste, and 3-I do not feel the taste. The subjects who reported 2 or 3 were asked to taste higher concentrations of the solution until they expressed perception 1. This was recorded as the threshold for an individual. For individuals who reported a score of 1, at least 1/5th the drug concentration of the actual dose was only allowed for testing the products. A few high concentration API solutions above the individuals perception threshold were made for tasting, and the subjects were subsequently asked to provide a score for each solution (Table 3). The highest concentration of the solution contained C PM equivalent to the dose present in the products tested. The scoring pattern followed was according to modified hedonic scale: 0-no taste, 1- taste something (threshold), 2-slightly bitter, 3-moderately bitter, 4-bitter, and 5-strongly bitter. 2.11.2.2. Formulation evaluation and data analysis A washout interval of 12-24 h was allowed after screening the standard solution. The individuals were asked to taste the products (physical mixture or ODF) randomly (blinded) and score the product. The products were placed on the tongue/buccal cavity for 30-40 s, and the subjects were asked to score the bitterness on a scale of 0-5 for each product. Moreover, volunteers were asked to report the time for complete disintegration of the film. Sufficient washout time was allowed between the products, and the volunteers were allowed to drink copious amounts of water after tasting each product. The average of the scores given by all individuals were taken and expressed as the mean standard deviation. The mean scores between the physical mixture and formulation were compared using a student t-test at 95% confidence level, and P Results and Discussion 3.1. Preparation of hot-melt extruded film Modified starch is very difficult to extrude because of its high glass transition temperature. Thus, there is a need to introduce a plasticizer during extrusion, which could reduce the melt viscosity and increase the free volume of starch chains. For this study, glycerin was used as a plasticizer in different proportions, and it exhibited excellent extrudability with significantly lower torque (4.8-7.2 Nm) values than typically encountered. The barrel design was modified with a degassing port to remove excess amount of water vapor from the molten mass. Initial studies without a degassing port demonstrated the presence of bubbles as well as unequal distribution of drug in the film samples. Standard screw configuration (Figure 1) with three mixing zones was utilized for this study. It provided enough shear for dispersive and distributive mixing of the drug and helped get excellent content uniformity in all the extruded film formulations. The extruded films were stretched using the roll connected to the extruder assembly. This aided in making thin films with uniform thickness, and the roll speed was optimized for steady collection of the film. The combination of processing and formulation parameters helped to manufacture uniform, clear, and very thin films (60-110  µm) using melt extruder. 3.2. Physiochemical evaluation of films TGA is very critical before performing HME because the drug and excipients are exposed to high temperature during the extrusion process, and there are possibilities of drug degradation or thermally-induced chemical reactions or both [16]. The TGA results (Figure 2) specified that API, polymer, and excipients were chemically stable in the HME processing temperature range. Lycoat RS 780 demonstrated a loss of weight (33]. XRD was used to investigate the physical state of the drug after HME process. The XRD results (Figure 3a 3b) of CPM illustrated prominent peaks at 2ÃŽÂ ¸ angles of approximately 13, 19, and 20 degrees, while citric acid showed peaks at 2ÃŽÂ ¸ angles of 18, 19, and 26. The melt-extruded formulation did not show any peak that confirmed the presence of drug in an amorphous form. The reasons behind the complete conversion of drug to an amorphous form were the high shear during extrusion, low drug load, and relatively high amounts of glycerin. The presence of CPM and excipients in an amorphous form aided the flexibility and clear appearance of the film. 3.3. Dissolution studies Lycoat RS 780 is a comparatively new modified starch-based polymer, which demonstrated its significance in film coating for tablets and oral film development using solvent casting method [34, 35]. Being a non-gelling and highly water-soluble polymer, it provides rapid disintegration and dissolution to formulations. Visual inspection during dissolution demonstrated rapid disintegration of the film when it touched the dissolution media. This characteristic helps in the rapid onset of action of the formulation, because the drug can diffuse from the oral mucosa and reach the systemic circulation [36]. During dissolution studies, the formulations rapidly release CPM, and it was attributed to hydrophilic excipients and Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I drug. These films had very low thickness (60-110  µm) and higher surface area, which enabled interaction with dissolution media and rapid disintegration following complete dissolution. Dissolution results (Figure 4a 4b) showed ~95% drug release in the first 5 min of the dissolution experiment, and at 10-min time points, there was complete release of the drug. 3.4. SEM evaluation The surface morphology was examined by SEM for all film formulations. SEM images did not exhibit CPM crystals, indicating an amorphous nature of drug in formulations (Figure 5). The formulations showed very smooth surface at low magnification. This affirmed the smooth texture of film surface, which is one of the esthetic attributes of films. However, at microscopic level, there was high surface area, which helped in the rapid disintegration of the film. 3.5. Film characterizations As illustrated in Table 2, the film formulations demonstrated excellent D.T of 6-11 s, which was attributed to the thickness of the film and presence of water-soluble materials in the film. The formulations contained water-soluble excipients and APIs such as CPM, citric acid, glycerin, and modified starch. The most crucial parameter for disintegration is the low thickness of the film. As the films had a thickness range of 60-110  µm, they aided in the faster disintegration of all film formulations. In addition to the low thickness of the film, the amount of saliva in the oral cavity is very critical for rapid disintegration. The normal flow of saliva in a healthy person is 0.34 mL/min, and it can be increased by the addition of agents that simulate salivary production, including citric, malic, lactic, ascorbic, and tartaric acids [14]. Citric acid is the most preferred saliva-stimulating agent, and it was estimated that citric acid could increase salivary flow approximately 5- fold in 2-6% proportion in the formulation [14]. With the addition of citric acid, the pH of the films was found to be in the range of 2.9-3.4 and it could contribute in improving rate of salivary flow after administration of formulation which will aid in rapid disintegration of film product. All the film formulations were tested for their Ts and %E (Table 2). Ideally, the film should have desirable mechanical properties so that it can remain intact during handling and transport. ODFs showed appropriate strength and %E. These excellent mechanical properties were attributed to the presence of glycerol, citric acid, and CPM, which reduced film stiffness via disruption of intermolecular forces of the polymer owing to the accommodation of these compounds between the strands, thereby providing elasticity to the films [37, 38]. 3.6. In vivo taste evolution Firstly, the taste perception of rats was evaluated by administering 0.5 and 1 mg/mL CPM dissolved in distilled water. These results were important to avoid taste variability between animals (Figure 6), and showed that the rats consumed ~10 and ~14 mL of water in 15 and 30 min, respectively. The results of this study were comparable with those of the study published by Tiwari et.al. Thus, the rate and extent of consumption of water were reduced significantly to ~3 and ~5 mL in 15 and 30 min with the administration of 0.5 mg/mL CPM solution. At a higher concentration of 1 mg/mL, there was notable reduction in consumption of water to ~1.6 and ~2 mL at 15 and 30 min. Notably, this reduction in consumption of CPM solution despite deprivation of water for 22 h affirmed an aversion toward CPM. Moreover, aversion behaviors (Figure 7), such as jaw smacking, oral grooming, nose wrinkle, paw wipe, forelimb flail, head shake, paw shakes, and retreating confirmed the dislike of rats toward the d rug solution [39]. As illustrated in Figure 6, the rats consumed ~10 and 12.5 mL of N 2 solution (5% CPM in the film) in the first 15 and 30 min, and the amount was comparable with the consumption of water. In addition, N7 (10% CPM) exhibited consumption of ~ 4.7 and ~8 mL at 15 and 30 min. Furthermore, N9 (7.5% CPM) showed consumption of ~6.3 and 10 mL at 15- and 30-min time point. These results indicated that with increasing concentrations of CPM, there was noticeable reduction in the consumption of formulation. The rats did not show aversion behavior such as forelimb flail with N2 formulation. However, there was a surge in the aversion behavior response upon increasing the drug concentrations in N7 and N9,. The results of this study were very helpful to understand about the taste of pure drug and formulation. It provided an insight into the taste of products, which helped to screen this formulation for human studies. 3.7. Film evaluation by human panel Before evaluation of taste of the formulation, it is very important to understand the taste perception of human volunteers to minimize intra-subject variability. Taste perception study was performed on six healthy human volunteers. Initially, different concentrations of CPM in 2 mL of water were administered to the human subjects. Three subjects had threshold at 0.5 mg and the remaining three subjects reported moderate bitterness at the same concentration. A dose of 2.5 mg demonstrated bitterness in all subjects, and only three volunteers could taste higher concentration of CPM (4 mg, Table 3). This initial evaluation confirmed the appropriateness of the subjects for taste masking study. The results of taste masking evaluation in animal model suggested that formulation N2 with 5% CPM had significant taste masking. Moreover, this formulation had an excellent D.T (7 s) in in vitro studies. Based on t