Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Paraphrasing - Essay Example Almost all organizations engage in this type of operation in a bid to refine their processes. Task-focussed approach involves consultation that is always accompanied with directives. A case in point is in the universities where the senate, after consulting various stakeholders, may reach a decision and then communicate it to the university fraternity through memos, instructions, or emails. The third approach is charismatic transformation and is commonly applied in organizations such as banks. It is characterised by directed business process and re-engineering as its success is anchored on its functionality that often a times calls for the restructuring of processes. Multinational enterprises on the other hand find themselves operating in environments that are constantly changing. This means that they have to be flexible enough to alter their operations in a frequency which marches the level of their dynamic environment. In such a situation, facilitated and directed approaches may var y to also include aspects of fine tuning and corporate transformation. This in turn gives rise to turnaround transformation that is characterised by both directive style and a bit of coercion. The best case to illustrate this is Toyota’s lean Just-In-Time manufacturing technique which seeks to eliminate waste during the production process. Different factors account to organizational failure during change management. Among the prime factors is the absence of effective communication. Communication of the change process to the stakeholders is a critical ingredient in winning their commitment to a cause. The leader thus has the responsibility to let every interested party understand why the change is important, how they will benefit from it, and what will remain unaltered to take care of anxieties and resistances that are likely to crop up. It is

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Essay

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Essay Example he ECJ. Article 267 of TFEU provides that when there is a question concerning the interpretation and application of EU law: When such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. 6 It therefore follows that the word â€Å"may† as it appears in Article 267 of the TFEU does not impose upon national courts a compulsory duty to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ for determination.7 The obligation to refer a preliminary question of EU law to the ECJ is only mandatory when the matter is before the court of final appeal and no further national remedies are available to the litigants.8 With lower national courts relieved of the compulsory obligation to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ when the interpretation and application of EU law is in doubt can be counterproductive to the goal of achievin g consistency in the interpretation and application of EU law when a national court comes to the decision that not to refer a question to the ECJ for interpretation. Nyikos explains how the discretion to submit a preliminary reference to the EU on a point of EU law can compromise integration of national legal systems with the EU’s legal system and consistency in the interpretation and application of EU laws. According to Nyikos, the decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law depends on a number of variables that are difficult to predict. To begin with, the decision to submit a preliminary question of EU law largely depends on the national courts’ â€Å"acceptance† of intervention by the ECJ.9 A court’s decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law also depends on the â€Å"national judicial procedure†, the â€Å"complexity of the issue† and â€Å"individual court experience.†10 The ECJ however, has established a significa nt safeguard against the risk of inconsistency in the application and interpretation of Community law in cases where the national court is of the opinion that a particular EU law is not valid. In such a case, a referral is mandatory regardless of whether the court seized of the matter is a court of first or last instance. This is because it would be entirely inconsistent with the supremacy of EU law and the goals of consistency among EU states for a national court to render an EU law invalid and another state to uphold the same EU law.11 Ideally, perfect and seamless integration of national legal systems with the EU legal system and consistency of EU law within and among the Member States should be accomplished by Article 267

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example for Free

Igor Stravinsky Essay Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was born on June 17th, 1882 in Oranienbaum, Russia. He was one of four to his polish parents, Anna nà ©e Kholodovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky’s first exposer to music was from his father, who was a bass singer at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. His father helped him learn the love of music. His first musical education began at the age of nine with piano lessons, studying music theory, and attempting composition. By fifteen, he had mastered Mendelssohn’s Piano Concerto in G Minor and finished a piano reduction of a string quartet by Glazunov. That same year, Stravinsky rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church and abandoned it. Even though he excelled in music, his parents still wanted him to become a lawyer. In 1901, Stravinsky enrolls at the University of Saint Petersburg; however he never attends many of his classes during the four years of school. When it came time to take final examinations in 1905, the school was closed for two months because of Bloody Sunday. He then later received a half course diploma in April 1906. In 1902, Stravinsky began receiving private lessons from Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov, the leading Russian composer at that time. That very same year Stravinsky’s father dies from cancer. In 1905 Igor Stravinsky proposes to his first cousin Catherin Nossenko. Even though the Orthodox Church opposes marriage of first cousins, they got married on January 23rd, 1906. The same of his marriage, Stravinsky’s creates first important composition Symphony in E Flat. The following year they have their first child Theodore and then the next year they have their second child Ludmila. The same year as Ludmila’s birth, Rimsky, Stravinsky’s father like figure, dies. In 1909, Stravinsky’s compositions, Scherzo fatastique and Feu d’artifice (Fireworks) where performed at a concert in St. Petersburg. In that very audience Serge Diaghilev, founder of the Ballets Russes, was extremely impressed. He was so impressed that he chooses Stravinsky to carry out orchestrations and to compose a full length ballet, The Firebird. In 1910 Stravinsky travels Paris for the premier of The Firebird. At this performance he meets Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and many other important musicians. Towards the end of the ballet season, his family moves to Switzerland with him and, Catherine expecting her third child. In Lausanne, Switzerland in September 1910, Sviatoslav Soulima their third son was born. In 1911, Stravinsky completes another successful ballet, Petrushka. Three years later, Stravinsky composes the two part ballet Le Sacre du Primtemps (The Rite of Spring). This ballet marked the coming of modernism in music and was met with astonishment and hostility. The riot that followed was the most notorious event in music history. Right after the performance, he developed typhoid fever, which took six weeks to recover from. Around the same time, Catherina and Ludmila were found to have tuberculosis. A year later Ludmila did and after giving birth to their fourth child Maria Milena, Catherina also died. Three months after that his mother died also. After all these deaths in his life, Stravinsky also diagnosed with tuberculosis. He spent five months recovering with his newest daughter Milena; she took six years to recover. Stravinsky met Vera de Bosset in Paris in February 1921, his new wife to be. At the time when they first met Vera was still married to the painter and stage designer Serge Sudeikin. They began an affair which led Vera to leave her husband. During his last years in Paris, Stravinsky made professional connections with people in the U.S.

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay Executive summary Its no doubt that American football and the Super Bowl event for that matter is a multi-million dollar business. Most estimates put its contribution to host cuties economies consistently over $300 million. A good number of Americans follow events that shape the sport and contribute to its well being in one way or the other. Besides the benefits that the players and industry regulators reap there are numerous other ways that ordinary people benefit. Entertainment is one such avenue but the biggest of them all is the economic impact that the event brings to the host city This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts that come along with the hosting of the event. The direct and indirect impacts that are accrued from activities that surround the staging of the championship run into millions of dollars. There is significant investment from the authorities that is required for the success of the championship. The authorities then benefit fro revenue collection and improvement of infrastructure. The event also accords the host city business opportunities that local individuals and companies exploit to boost the local economy. Documented evidence and critical reviews on the economic impact of Super Bowl exist. This provided the basis of this research as the starting point and the fleshing up of the conclusions arrived. The paper dwells mainly on the background, statistical evidence as well as the sectors benefit as direct result of the staging of Super Bowl. The contents of this paper aides the conclusion at the end of it. This is the general idea that can be deduced from the whole findings that are contained in the paper. Introduction Sports are today an integral part in the development of nations. Its an income earner for many people both directly and indirectly. In Europe soccer is the major sport developed through the various soccer leagues in Europe. Rugby is common too in Europe as is cricket in Asia (Layden, 2005). In the United States basket ball, base ball and American football form the top cream of sports business entertainment and business. They are huge money minting machines that responsible for the generation of millions in taxes to the authorities hence playing a big part in economic development. The Super Bowl is perhaps the biggest and most unique annual sporting events that take place in the United States. This is the final game of the national football league championship which can comfortably claim to be the most watched television broadcast in the US. It holds such significance in the American culture that some consider it an unofficial holiday. The Super Bowl Sunday, the day that the game is staged is the second biggest food consumption day in the United States only next to thanks giving day. That translates to a big boost in food businesses and others as well. Besides the game which is the star attraction of the event, there has been the cooption of various performances from artists. The artists perform during the pre-game and half times. Its importance is well demonstrated when the campaign of the then senator Barrack Obama bought airtime in various networks 30 minutes before the Super Bowl to advertise his policies. Television channels have used the Super Bowl time to introduce series of the programs that the want to attract huge followings Its not lost to any casual observer that the Super Bowl has importance that stretches beyond the field and beyond the mare fact that its a popular game. To many the hosting presents a windfall of opportunities. The impacts of the game span past sports to culture and the economy. That has always been the subject of debate from the games administrators to commentators and independent observers. According to Depken and Wilson (2003), the viewership of the Super Bowl is estimated to be close to 100 million people worldwide and a potential of one billion. That can easily rival the FIFA soccer World Cup and the Olympic. While it has not acquired the status of the above two, the economic impact that the event is likely to bless a host city with is unprecedented. That is besides other advantages like the chance to revamp its infrastructure and improve its security. Economists have always dismissed that the economic impact that the Super Bowl brings to the host city may a fraction of what its normally touted to be. But that is subject to debate (Feinstein, 2007). Extensive studies are carried out every year to determine the economic impacts that championship game brings to the host city. However there appears to be consensus among attendees, local business leaders, and corporate planners that its beneficial to host the event, whichever way one looks at it. Purpose With super bowl comes a host of opportunities for the companies that win time to advertise and those that manufacture anything associated with the staging of the event. Of particular importance however is the benefit that the host city reaps from the staging of the event. The economic impact on the city can be enormous and careful planning may ensure the netting of a good amount of revenue besides the publicity that the city gets. The current NFL policy is to stage the Super Bowl in a city that has an NFL franchise. Cities normally bid fro the hosting and they are determined five years before the game is played. Currently the cities have been determined up to the year 2013. There has been a string of criticism that the figures and projections that are presented by NFL to the host cites are not based on reality. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light into the whole issue of the economic impact of the host city of Super Bowl. This research will seek to determine the economic impact that the Host city receives. All dimensions are examined, the merits and demerits as far as its economy is concerned. Background Football has been played in the US for a long time just like other sports like baseball. Professional football in the United States began in the year 1920. Super Bowl the premier event of the game-Super Bowl championship however is relatively young having been played for the first time in 1967 (Schwartz, 1998). Since then the event has acquired elevation to one of the most valued sports traditions in the history of sports. Super Bowl is the football game that is played annually to determine the champion of the National Football League. Winners from the American Football Conference championship game and the National Football Conference face each other in the run up to the National Football League playoffs. The merger agreement between the American football league and the national football league saw the creation of the Super Bowl. The NFL has a long history dating back to the 1920s while the AFL started gaining dominance in the 1960s. There was as a result intense rivalry between the two leagues in regards to fans, players and control of the game. To avoid financial ruin, the two rivals decided to engage in talks in 1966 which resulted in the subsequent merger. Since then it has become a national pastime activity whose popularity is rivaled by few events in America. The Pittsburgh Steelers is the team that has won the most Super Bowls- six while the Dallas cowboys and the San Francisco have both won five each Data collection The findings and conclusions that were made in this research paper were very dependent on data. There was no field research conducted, however secondary data form books, scholarly research articles and the internet was used in this research. All sources were included in the in text citation and the bibliography at the end of the paper. General figures The figures associated with Super Bowl indicate clearly why the event is an important one in American culture and business, most importantly the host city. Its the most watched television program every year in the country. 40% of all households in the US tune to television during the game as are 60% of all homes (St. John, 2009). Close to 90 million Americans tune into the Super Bowl game while another close to 120 million partially doing so. Hallmark Cards Inc rates Super Bowl as the number one home party event every year, perhaps bigger than New Years Eve. Wenner (2005) reveals that its the biggest eating day in the U.S apart from thanks giving day. 15,000 tonnes of chips and four thousand tones of popcorn are consumed in homes during the Super Bowl. Avocado which is essential for the preparation of guacamole is another type of food that is widely consumed on super Sunday. According to the California avocado commission, twelve million avocados are sold in preparation for the game. Figures available on the impact of the Super Bowl indicate that cities experience economic impacts amounting to millions of dollars. In 1994 Atlanta Georgia made 166 million dollars from the Super Bowl, Miami made 365 million in1995; phoenix reaped 306 million in 1996 while New Orleans raked in 200 million in 1997. Others include 295 million for San Diego in 1998,336 million for Huston Texas in 204 and 372 million for Detroit Michigan in 2006. Economic impact For the host city to be determined it has to be appealing to tourist, sponsors and spectators. That is besides being a franchise city of the NFL (Depken Wilson, 2003). The NFL, local governments and various associations of hotels and restaurants normally predict the economic impact that the hosting will have on the city (Depken Wilson, 2003). This mainly takes into account the expenditure that the city is likely to incur while determining the real benefits that it will get. For instance the police and fire departments are paid for the overtime hours that they work to ensure safety and security is maintained. The spending is done according to the projected impact and the extent to which the prevailing economy can allow. Tampa Bay had to scale back spending on the Super Bowl due to the state of the current state of the economy. The potential positive impact on the local economy is the major incentive for the city that is hosting the Super Bowl. Economists generally estimate that super bowl always has had an impact of between $300- $400 million on the host citys economy (Coates Humphreys, 2002) There are direct and indirect impacts that come with the event, which can also be long-term and short-term as well (Christopher Peters, 2006). In simple layman terms, the sum total comprise of the economic impact of the Super Bowl on the host city (Polzer, 2003). The direct impacts come form the spending by the various participants while indirect impacts are the multiplier effect the is felt way after the event is done. The money that was spent locally is re-spent again leading to additional rounds of spending (Wenner, 2005). Indirect impacts also include rise in local residents incomes due to the activities associated with the game as well as the dollars that are withdrawn form the local economy. Further the direct impacts comprise of the large scale purchase of goods by companies mainly from local producers and manufacturers (Depken Wilson, 2003) The economic impacts of any sporting event are usually measured in terms of the increase in revenue collection for the authorities and individual business that help sustain it. Direct and indirect expenditure is also factored in. Super Bowl is a unique event that cannot be really compared to any type of sport. However the economic impact that it breeds is comparable to those other world events mentioned earlier. The above statistics paint a rosy picture of the Super Bowl event and day. They are not exaggerated in any way meaning they can translate to real economic benefits on the ground. The host city will have to reevaluate its entire system to be able to deal with the needs of the traveling fans that flock to town for the Super Bowl. The economic impact of the city is more or less positive because of the increased consumption of goods and services that are as a direct result of the temporary population explosion. Overall the change in economic activity associated with the event is the most appropriate indicator of the benefits. Its arrived at by multiplying the direct impacts by the multiplier and adding the result to the direct impacts. To be more precise the economic activities that result into the benefits in the local economies have been highlighted in the following section. Tourism Tourism is one of the major income earners especially for any authorities that enjoy any degree of autonomy. Tourism is boosted by various events that attract record numbers of people. Sports events like Super Bowl are some of them. There is always an influx of visitors mainly traveling fans to the super bowl host city. A joint commissioned study by the NFL and the Sport Management Research Institute in 1999 concluded that the average expenditure of attendees who flocked to the south Florida Super Bowl were double the expenditure of tourists during the peak season of that place (Leiker, 2005).These comprise of the majority of tourists that visit the city during that particular time. The locals who take breaks from their work to watch the event to some extent comprise of the domestic tourists of the city. According to Price Water House Coopers, Indianapolis that is bidding to host the event in 2011 will receive over 98,000 visitors and approximately $131 million in direct spending from the visitors and the locals. An estimated 95600 people visited Atlanta during the Super Bowl period. Huston was estimated to have received close to 90,000 visitors during its Super Bowl (Layden, 2005). The direct impact as a result of the sporting event is widespread spending by the local residents as well as tourist. In Tampa Bay for instance hospitality and tourism industry activities as a result of the Super Bowl XLIII were estimated to generate approximately $150 million in direct spending. In past championships, the same activities generated $195 million in phoenix and Miami. Detroit generated $118 million, $ 124 million for Jacksonville in 2005 and $ 135 million for Huston in 2004 all from direct spending form tourist and hospitality activities as result of the staging of the Super Bowl (Depken Wilson, 2003). They spend on hotels, rental cars, taxis and visits to local attractions. The expenditure that is pumped into the city/s coffers from accommodation, food and other tourist activities is the boon that is capitalized on most. According to Schwartz (1998), most hotels report 100% booking rate in the period on the run up to the games a few days after. Bed occupancy and demand for the provision of other services are critical in the revenue generation of hotels that are involved during the Super Bowl. Shopping Its an unofficial fact among all sports fans, Super Bowl fans are the biggest spendthrifts there are today. Commodity prices rise due to the market forces of demand. Some traders too cash in on the event with modest price increments that translate to the increase in revenue. Many retail chains in the host cities find it economically viable when the Super Bowl is held in their city. They are among the direct beneficiaries of the free spending habits of the traveling fans and tourists. The impact it has on their sales cannot be missed. The week before the Super Bowl always sees a surge in shopping that pumps quite a good amount of money into the economy. Americans spend close to one million man hours doing shopping mainly for food items that are consumed during the game. That has always been the trend and indications show that it getting bigger whether there is a recession or not. The event is big food eating event and shoppers are estimated to spend at least $55 million on food alone. Infrastructure China invested heavily in the build up to the Olympics; South Africa is involved in massive up gradation n of infrastructure ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The same trend can be seen in Brazil and London who are in line to stage the Olympics as well. The same scenario is common in the build up to NFL games. Its a critical component that is a must for the any successful staging. Huge investments from local authorities, NFL and individuals in preparation to the staging of the Super Bowl provide the stimulus money that is needed to boost the local economies. The successful attraction of the event to the host city calls for the capability for the host city to provide the venue, hotels, and transport and entertainment facilities. Public health and safety facilities re also renovated to meet the demand that comes with the people attending the event (Feinstein, 2007). An increased need to renovate infrastructure fro such an event forces the authorities to repair them this ensure a positive long-term effect for the local economy log after the Super Bowl is gone. Roads, pavements and public utilities like parks are upgraded to be able to accommodate the high numbers of travelers entering the city. The stadium where the event is staged is the single biggest infrastructure activity that the host city carries. It has to meet the minimum requirements that the NFL sets. The authorities inject substantial amounts of money normally in hundreds of millions into the economies in the efforts to renovate the NFL stadiums. Since 1995 through 2003 604 billion dollars has been spent on renovating twenty one NFL stadiums (Leiker, 2005). The renovation is a source of numerous jobs that boost the citys employment rate. Publicity There is always a media blitz that accompanies such a sporting event with a national following. The kind of publicity that the host city gets is enough to boost its image among attendee and non attendees. Prospective investors and tourists get a chance for an in-depth review of the cities potential. The city is therefore saved millions in terms of advertising itself as premier business or tourist destination. Jobs With such an event the demand for labor rises. This leads to the creation of jobs that are needed in the overall preparation pf the event. They range from skilled experts to part-time social workers who tend to visitors new to the city. These experts normally sourced locally comprise of construction workers, planners and organizers. The Super Bowl is thought to create an estimated minimum of 500 jobs any time that its staged. In other cases there have been statistics that suges5t that in fact the event creates far more jobs than its reported. According to Christopher and Peters (2006) the event created over 2700 jobs in Atlanta Georgia besides the $166 million that it pumped into the economy. That is quite the most direct impact that the host city feels. Though most of these jobs are short-term and part-time, there is good compensation that comes along with it that makes them economically viable. Local authorities hire residents for the jobs thus helping in the retention and circulation of the money in the local economy. Confidence building The successful staging of such a sports event like Super Bowl build confidence in the management of the city. Together with the publicity that the city gets pairs up to ensure long-term success of the economic ventures of the city. Criticism However no everyone agrees with the notion that Super Bowl is an economic resuscitating machine in the host city. There is some positives but not as they are put forward by industry players. They have presented their case with researches that advance reasons why they think that is the case. Some scholars have accused the NFL of inflating the figures that are presented to cities that are bidding to host the event. They assert that the economic impact is not as big as its meant to look on paper. The figures according to them are presented to be ale to convince reluctant cities into accepting the NFL proposals. There is a general agreement among the critical scholars that the estimates normally never go beyond gross measures. There is also a feeling among these scholars that the multiplier effect they economists use to estimate the economic impact of sports events may not be accurate after all and it pants the incorrect picture as far as the benefits are concerned. Further more the use of expenditure multipliers is not clear in cases like where for instance hotels are owned by a nationwide chain. It does not clearly articulate the fraction of the revenue that remains and circulates in the particular locality where expenditure occurs. The average impact is likely to be a quarter of or less the estimates that are presented by the NFL. According to Leiker (2005), several factors lead to the wrongful estimation of the economic impact of the Super Bowl. Investigator bias and data measurement error rank high as some of the leading factors that are used influence the inaccurate presentation of economic impact figures. Capacity constraint and changing product relationships are the other factors that Porter came up with. He arrived at the conclusion after reviewing the available short-term data on sales receipts for a number of Super Bowls. Polzer (2003) postulates that, after examining twenty five Super Bowls from 1973-1977 concluded that Super Bowl was only responsible for the creation of 535 jobs. The economic impact of the game according to them was not in the hundreds of millions but roughly 30 million dollars. That represented roughly a tenth of the figure that NFL touted. On the same note, Coates and Humphrey (2002) examined the post season play in all American sports. They concluded that hosting the Super Bowl had little or no statistical impact on the per capita income of the city residents where the championship was staged. Conclusion The following facts are clear from the findings above. That millions of dollars are received as revenue by authorities and individuals of the host city of the Super Bowl event That, there are jobs created due to the staging of the event in the city that that is the host. These clearly are indicators of positive outcomes of the event on the economy of the city. There is a long-term positive economic effect that the host city enjoys after the event is over. This is from the publicity that comes along with the staging of the championship game. The improvement of infrastructure certainly bodes well for the host city since it will not need to undergo major renovations should the event or an equivalent come up again. Whether or not the figures that are presented in the by civilian and sports authorities are real, remains to the subject of discussion. Even if they do not amount into the proportions that are presented there must be some net benefit that is realized from the successful staging of a Super Bowl championship game. The event still has a lot of potential that has yet to be tapped. The numerous studies that have been conducted provide the pointers as to where the weaknesses are and what needs to be done. Though its not guaranteed that the event can be staged in any particular city, the earnings from the sport can be improved. That is what the future host cities need to focus on.

Hobbit: From Childrens Story to Mythic Creation Essay -- Literature F

Hobbit: From Children's Story to Mythic Creation "Mr. Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it - so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge." -J.R.R Tolkien, letter to his publisher (quoted in Carpenter 1977, 182). The Hobbit started as little more than a bedtime story for Tolkien's children. Like most of his fellow academics, Tolkien viewed fantasy as limited to childhood. The result was a book written in a chatty, informal style that contrasts sharply with that of its serious successors. The narrator makes frequent patronising and intrusive asides, such as "And what would you do, if an uninvited dwarf came and hung his things up in your hall without a word of explanation?" (H, 18). The language approximates baby-talk at times (nasty, dirty wet hole oozy smell"), and modifiers ("terribly", "lots and lots") abound. Many critics, including Tolkien himself, have viewed this as the chief weakness of the book. Although the tone does evoke the oral tradition through which myths were originally created, it detracts from the power of the book. It renders villains are more comic than truly threatening, its heroes more endearing than awe-inspiring. One commentator feels that The Hobbit "lacks a certain intellectual weight" and "deserves little serious, purely literary criticism" (Helms 1974: 53). The important words here are "purely literary". The novel cannot be studied in isolation, but must be seen against the broader backdrop of Tolkien's literary philosophy and the entire mythic tradition. For the writing of The Hobbit both influenced and was influenced by the profound intellectual change its author was undergoing, namely t... ...teaching its author the immense possibilities of fantasy. It itself does not exhaust these possibilities, but merely begins to explore them. It starts unambitiously, but in drawing from the rich store of world folklore and the author's imagination, soon develops into a myth that, like all good fantasy, speaks as clearly to the mythopoetic imagination today as it did in Tolkien's time. Bibliography: Carpenter, H. 1977. J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography. London: George Allen & Unwin. Helms, R. 1974. Myth, Magic and Meaning in Tolkien's World. London: Granada Publishing. Nitshe, J.C. 1979. Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England. New York: St. Martin's. O'Neill, T.R. 1979. The Individuated Hobbit. Boston: Hougton Mifflin. Rogers, D. & Rogers, I.A. 1980. J.R.R. Tolkien. Boston: Twayne. Tolkien, J.R.R. 1937. The Hobbit. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Design and Construction of The Titanic Essay -- essays research papers

11:35 p.m. the deadly iceberg was spotted. Margaret Brown was sitting is her bunk indulged in a book, when she was thrown across the room, off of her bed from the impact of the crash. The engine stopped at once but nothing dangerous had occurred, yet. At 12:00 a.m. there was serious flooding in the crew?s quarters. Many demanded lifesavers and there was much uproar. Putting on layers of clothing along with stuffing money into her pockets, Margaret Brown would be prepared. Margaret headed towards the lifeboats. Now the commotion was at an all time high. To keep the people calm, there was a band playing in the background. First class passengers had left money and jewels in the purser?s office, but it was locked due to the predicament. Some of the first class passengers threatened to sue the White Star Line because of the inconvenience. Margaret helped many people to their lifeboats and attempted to comfort some of the distressed passengers. The Titanic was almost submerged, Margaret he lped to load people and was seated on boat 6. Margaret remembers, ?Suddenly there was a rift in the water, the sea opened up and the surface foamed like giant arms that spread around the ship? (Landau 15). Suddenly the ocean liner Carpathia came to their rescue. Only about 31% of the passengers on the Titanic survived including the brave heroine, Margaret Brown. The doomed fates of the Titanic have motivated much discussion concerning why it was a disaster. The Titanic boasted unsinkable status and its demise will affect the way we build ships today and how we boast them. A passenger of the Titanic states, ?The design and construction skills of the yard were outstanding, and the captain E.J. Smith and workforce took great pride (Adams 10). The .. ...hers only felt a light bump. Titanic survivor Violet Jessop recalls, ?I lay lazily reflecting on many things, comfortable and drowsy. Crash! ? Then a low, rending, crunching, ripping sound, as Titanic shivered a trifle and the sound of her engines gently ceased? (Graham 126). In conclusion, the tremendous loss of life stirred a discussion to the cause of the failed sail. The 50,000-ton ship will be forever peaceful at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The brave heroines of the Titanic, both alive and dead will be remembered. Cruise Line ships today have put in much more precaution concerning safety. Luxury was put before safety in the Titanic. Today, ships have many more lifeboats and they are careful of the weather. The Titanic unsinkable status may have caused an ironic demise to the sail. The failure will affect how we build ships today and how we boast them.

Personality development Essay

Personality development can be described as the collection of a person’s behaviours, for example their thoughts, emotions and interactions with others. As such, researchers have often stressed the importance of social interactions and the environment on the development of personality. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory would describe the attainment of personality in terms of modelling, reinforcement and direct tuition. Particular emphasis is placed on modelling, whereby a person identifies with a ‘model’ and imitates their behaviour (and hence their personality traits). This may explain why siblings may have similar personalities, as they will have shared a common environment for a large part of their early lives. Support for modelling as an influence on behaviour comes from Bandura’s ‘Bobo doll’ studies, which found that children imitated the behaviour of an adult acting aggressively towards a doll. This demonstrates that reinforcement is not a necessary condition for personality development to take place, and is therefore an improvement on traditional learning theory. The process of modelling requires a number of cognitive factors to take place, but particularly important, according to Bandura, is motivation. This can take place by means of reinforcement or self-motivation, the latter having particular significance in personality development. Self-motivation covers a variety of self-evaluative cognitive processes, such as self-response (rewarding or punishing oneself for carrying out a behaviour) and self-efficacy (the perception of capability to carry out a behaviour). This holds particular imnportance in personality development as personality is, according to social learning theory, learnt as is any other behaviour, and traits such as social skills may be obtained by, for example, watching one’s parents socialise. If self-efficacy is low, the child may not imitate the behaviour, and as a result will have poor social skills as an adult. Feltz provides support for the importance of self-efficacy, finding that Russian athletes’ performance was improved when they saw videotapes of themselves that had been edited to make them seem better than they were. Further support is provided by Schunk, who found that American primary school children who were told that their peers had done well on a maths test proceeded to do better on it that those who were not told anything about their peers.